Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 39 The End of Empire

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Decolonization in Asia

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 India The Jewel of the Crown  Legacy of British colonialism Deep division between Hindus, Muslims Role of Mohandas Ghandi

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 “Vivisection” of India (Ghandi) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party 1947 partition  500,000 killed  10 million refugees India moves toward nonalignment position  The “third path”

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Muslims leave India, 1947

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam French reassert control after WW II Ho Chi Minh ( ), Communist leader mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954 Vietnam divided at 17 th parallel Civil war between north (Communist) and south President Lyndon Johnson ( ) begins increasing US involvement

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Vietnamese Protest French Occupation

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 The Issue of Palestine After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917) Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from 1880s Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Creation of the State of Israel Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem internationalized May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of Israel Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends itself

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 The Six-Day War (June 1967) Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, ) takes leadership position in Arab world Attempts to block Suez traffic, conflict with Israel Threatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike  Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights  Conquers Sinai Desert, returned to Egypt after peace treaty signed  Conquers Gaza Strip and West Bank, status unresolved

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 The Arab-Israeli conflict,

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Decolonization in Africa (date is year of independence)

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 Decolonization in Africa 19 th century “scramble for Africa” Legacy of colonial competition Internal divisions  Tribal  Ethnic  Linguistic  religious

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 France and North Africa Abandonment of most territories  1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies in 1960 But determination to retain Algeria  Longer period of French colonization  2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Algerian War of Liberation 1954 Front de Lib é ration Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France  Simmering conflict since French massacre in S é tif, ,000 French soldiers in war by 1958 War ends with Algerian independence in 1962 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), manifesto against colonial rule

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 N é gritude: “ Blackness ” Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization Connection with socialism, Communism Geopolitical implications

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 Post-Independence Difficulties Pax Romana of European colonists Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola Economic hardship Instability of democratic regimes

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Afrocentrism Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 In 1949, the Convention People's Party (CPP), led by Nkrumah organized workers and farmers for the first time in a mass movement for independent and staged strikes. A new constitution was introduced by Nkrumah's government to provide direct election by universal suffrage in But his government was opposed by the National Liberation Movement (NLM), led by Kofi Busia and based on the Asante region. NLM criticized CPP for its limitation on the powers of chiefs. As a result of this, the NLM pushed for the establishment of a federal state with regional governments, while CPP advocated a unitary state. Another constitution was approved on April 29, 1954, establishing a cabinet comprised of African ministers that were drawn from an all-African legislature chosen by direct election. In the election, CPP won the majority of seat in the new legislative assembly (Republic of Ghana, 4). Prime Minister Nkrumah's Gold Coast government issued a white paper containing proposals for Gold Coast independence in May The British government agreed to a firm date for independence when a majority of British Togoland residents voted for unification with an independent Gold Coast. On March 6, 1957, the state of Ghana, named after the medieval West African empire, became an independent country within the Commonwealth of Nations.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Kenya Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, state of emergency declared Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Tarnishing of Independence Decline of democratic regimes, rise of dictatorships Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries Political immaturity of colonies

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Communism and Democracy in China Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering  Great Leap Forward ( ) Great step backward  Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ( ) Targeted intellectuals, teachers, professionals, managers, and anyone associated with western ideals Both huge failures

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Mao died in 1976 Deng Xiaopeng ( ) comes to power in 1981, moderates Maoism Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies nevertheless subdued, 1989

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Indian Democracy Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi ( )  Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas  “Green Revolution” increases agricultural yields  Repressive policies to slow population growth, including forced sterilization Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards after attack on Sikh extremists in Amritsar, 1984

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Muslim Revival and Arab Disunity Cold war splits Arab-Muslim world Israel defeats Egypt and Syria in 1973 Yom Kippur war  Attacked on Jewish holy day Anwar Sadat (Egypt, ) negotiates peace treaty with Israel  Assassinated 1981 by Muslim extremists

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Movements toward Peace in the Middle East Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin ( ) signs peace accord with Palestinian Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat ( )  Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist Creation of Palestine Authority in West Bank and Gaza

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Islamism Muslims increasingly regard America in negative terms, move towards radicalism Jihad: holy war CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi ( ), overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979  Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini  Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years  Shut down US facilities, confiscated economic ventures

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 The Iran-Iraq War ( ) Saddam Hussein (Iraq, ) uses oil, US support to build huge military machine Attacks Iran, 1980 Massive destruction, ends in stalemate Hussein attacks Kuwait, provokes Gulf War (1991) US-led coalition drives him out, imposes sanctions President George W. Bush (1946- ) attacks in search of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003, occupies Iraq

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Developments in Latin America Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land Argentina: military dominate politics  Juan Perón ( ) elected president, 1946  Wife Eva (Evita) especially popular ( ) Guatemala and Nicaragua: US intervention as local governments attempt to control US economic interests Under Reagan, US supports anti-communist Contra forces

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Formed 1963 Declared boundaries permanent  Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts Promotion of Pan-Africanism Failure to prevent ethnic strife, even Nkrumah deposed 1966

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 South Africa Apartheid (1948)  87% of territory for whites  Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands” African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter (1955) Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of SA

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Nelson Mandela

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Dismantling of Apartheid Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990 Negotiation of end of white minority rule 1994 elections bring ANC to power Relatively calm transition to democratic society Strength of SA economy

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 Rwanda: Perils of Ethnicity Characteristic of ethnic divisions in African societies Civil war in 1994 after moderate President killed Hutu extremists vs. Tutsis, Hutu moderates Nearly 1m killed