1. Chap 39 Day 2 Aim: How did Africa become independent?
Do Now- Pair/Share 1) What is the argument made in this UN Resolution? 2) Why did it issue this proclamation? 3) Based on this text, what do you think are some of the arguments proposed in opposition to decolonization?
2. All peoples have the right to self-determination; by virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. 3. Inadequacy of political, economic, social or educational preparedness should never serve as a pretext for delaying independence. 4. All armed action or repressive measures of all kinds directed against dependent peoples shall cease in order to enable them to exercise peacefully and freely their right to complete independence, and the integrity of their national territory shall be respected.

2. National Borders before and after imperialism
Compare the European colonization borders with the African national borders.

3. Decolonization in Africa 19th century “scramble for Africa”
Legacy of colonial competition
Internal divisions
Tribal, Ethnic, Linguistic
Religious
France and North Africa
Abandonment of most territories
1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies in 1960
But determination to retain Algeria – WHY?
Longer period of French colonization
2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II

4. Algerian War of Liberation
1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France
Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif, 1945
500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958
War ends with Algerian independence in 1962
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), manifesto against colonial rule

5. Négritude: “Blackness”
Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA
Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization
Connection with socialism, Communism
Geopolitical implications
Post-Independence Difficulties
Pax Romana of European colonists
Civil wars in Rwanda, Burundi, Angola
Economic hardship
Instability of democratic regimes
WHY?

6. Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana
Led independence movt. – Marches, protests, boycotts (?) 1957 – 1st
Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality

7. Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, 1947
1952 state of emergency declared
Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans
Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962
Difference between Ghana and Kenya???
Kenya

8. Tarnishing of Independence
Decline of democratic regimes, rise of dictatorships
Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries
Political immaturity of colonies (?)

9. Assessment
Compare and contrast independence movements in Ghana and Kenya.
Write a thesis statement.
Exchange with neighbor.