1. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 Chapter 33 Decolonization The End of Empire

2. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 Decolonization in Asia

3. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 India The Jewel of the Crown  Legacy of British colonialism Deep division between Hindus, Muslims Role of Mohandas Gandhi

4. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 “Vivisection” of India (Gandhi) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress Party 1947 partition  500,000 killed  10 million refugees India moves toward nonalignment position  The “third path”

5. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 Muslims leave India, 1947

6. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6 Indian Democracy Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi (1917-1984)  Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas  “Green Revolution” increases agricultural yields  Repressive policies to slow population growth, including forced sterilization Assassinated by Sikh bodyguards after attack on Sikh extremists in Amritsar, 1984

7. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7 Golden Temple ( Amritsar) Punjab

8. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8 Indira Gandhi

9. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam French reassert control after WW II Defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), Communist leader mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954 Vietnam divided at 17 th parallel President Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973) begins increasing US involvement

10. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10 Vietnamese Protest French Occupation

11. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11 Vietnam in 1954

12. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12 North Vietnamese and their guerilla fighters in the South ( Viet Cong) use attrition to exhaust the US… TET offensive in 1968 helped turn American public opinion Huge protest movement combined with military stalemate prompts US withdrawal in 1975

13. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 Ho Chi Minh and General Giap

14. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14 The Issue of Palestine After World War II, Arab states increasingly gain independence Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917) Growing Jewish immigration from Europe from 1880s Arab protests in 1920s and 1930s

15. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15 Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration

16. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16 Creation of the State of Israel Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine into seven regions: 3 Jewish, 3 Arab, Jerusalem internationalized May 1948 Jews declare independence of State of Israel Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends itself

17. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17 The Six-Day War (June 1967) Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 1918-1970) takes leadership position in Arab world Seized the Suez Canal, conflict with Israel (1956) Threatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike  Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights  Conquers Sinai Desert, returned to Egypt after peace treaty signed  Conquers Gaza Strip and West Bank, status unresolved

18. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 The Arab-Israeli conflict, 1949-1982

19. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 Shifting map of Israel/Palestine

20. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20 Decolonization in Africa 19 th century “scramble for Africa” Legacy of colonial competition Internal divisions  Tribal  Ethnic  Linguistic  religious

21. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Decolonization in Africa

22. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22 Algerian War of Liberation 1954 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) begins guerilla warfare against France  Simmering conflict since French massacre in Sétif, 1945 500,000 French soldiers in war by 1958 War ends with Algerian independence in 1962 Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961), manifesto against colonial rule

23. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23 Négritude: “ Blackness ” African authors like Léopold Sédar Senghor, write of NegritudeLéopold Sédar Senghor Embraced by certain American black leaders Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization Connection with socialism, Communism Geopolitical implications

24. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24 Afrocentrism Kwame Nkrumah, leader of Ghana Celebrated visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1961, affirmation of Ghanese independence and equality

25. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25 Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

26. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26 Kenya Kikuyu ethnic group begins attacks on British and “collaborationist” Africans, 1947 1952 state of emergency declared Overwhelming British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans Bloody, but negotiated withdrawal, independence 1962 Revolution leader Jomo ‘Kenyatta’ president

27. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27 Jomo Kenyatta

28. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28 Tarnishing of Independence Decline of democratic regimes, rise of dictatorships Partial reflection of artificial European boundaries Political immaturity of colonies

29. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29 Communism and Democracy in China Massive, pervasive policies of economic and cultural engineering  Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)  Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Deng Xiaopeng (1904-1997) comes to power in 1981, moderates Maoism– Four Modernizations Tiananmen Square pro-democracy rallies nevertheless subdued, 1989

30. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30 Deng Xiao Ping

31. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 31 Muslim Revival and Arab Disunity Cold war splits Arab-Muslim world Israel defeats Egypt and Syria in 1973 Yom Kippur war  Attacked on Jewish holy day Anwar Sadat (Egypt, 1918-1981) negotiates peace treaty with Israel ( Camp David Peace Accords)  Assassinated 1981 by Muslim extremists

32. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 32 Anwar Sadat

33. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 33 Movements toward Peace in the Middle East Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (1922-1995) signs peace accord with Palestinian Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat (1929- 2004)  Yitzhak Rabin assassinated by Jewish extremist Creation of Palestine Authority in West Bank and Gaza

34. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 34 Yitzak Rabin

35. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 35 Islamism Muslims increasingly regard America in negative terms, move towards radicalism Jihad: holy war CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979  Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini  Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years  Shut down US facilities, confiscated economic ventures

36. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 36 Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats--1979

37. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 37 The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Saddam Hussein (Iraq, 1937-2006) uses oil, US support to build huge military machine Attacks Iran, 1980 Massive destruction, ends in stalemate Hussein attacks Kuwait, provokes Gulf War (1991) US-led coalition drives him out, imposes sanctions President George W. Bush (1946- ) attacks in search of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003, occupies Iraq

38. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 38 Developments in Latin America Mexico: failed attempts to redistribute land Argentina: military dominate politics  Juan Perón (1895-1974) elected president, 1946  Wife Eva (Evita) especially popular (1919-1952) Guatemala and Nicaragua: US intervention as local governments attempt to control US economic interests Under Reagan, US supports anti-communist Contra forces

39. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 39 Establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) Formed 1962 Declared boundaries permanent  Despite arbitrary nature, necessary to forestall conflicts Promotion of Pan-Africanism Failure to prevent ethnic strife, even Nkrumah deposed 1966

40. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 40 South Africa Apartheid (1948)  87% of territory for whites  Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands” African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter (1955) Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of SA

41. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 41 Nelson Mandela ( Walter Sisulu )

42. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 42 Dismantling of Apartheid Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990 Negotiation of end of white minority rule 1994 elections bring ANC to power Relatively calm transition to democratic society Strength of SA economy

43. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 43 Rwanda: Perils of Ethnicity Characteristic of ethnic divisions in African societies Civil war in 1994 after moderate President killed Hutu extremists vs. Tutsis, Hutu moderates Nearly 1 million killed