1. CHAPTER 37
The End of Empire

2. Decolonization in Asia

3. India
The Jewel of the Crown
Legacy of British colonialism
Deep division between Hindus, Muslims
Role of Mohandas Gandhi

4. “PARTITION” OF INDIA 1947 partition
500,000 killed
10 million refugees
India moves toward nonalignment position
The “third path”

5. Jawaharlal Nehru
In 1950: New Constitution & Official Independence from Britain
The prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru
Today, India is the world’s largest democracy

6. Muslims leave India, 1947

7. Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam
French Indo-China
Ho Chi Minh, Communist leader mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954
Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
Civil war between north (Communist) and south

8. Vietnamese Protest French Occupation

9. The Middle East

10. The Issue of Palestine
Palestine ruled by Great Britain between the wars
Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917)
Zionism
Arab Protests

11. Israel

12. Creation of the State of Israel
Jewish, Arab pressure drives British to hand Palestine over to United Nations for a resolution
Partition Plan of 1947 divides Palestine
Arab states invade, Israel successfully defends itself

13. The Palestinian Liberation Organization
The Palestinian Liberation Organization was led by Yassar Arafat.
uses terrorist tactics while fighting a guerilla war against Israelis.

14. The Six-Day War (June 1967)
Gamel Nasserthreatens invasion of Israel in 1967, Israel launches hugely successful pre-emptive strike
Conquers and annexes East Jerusalem, Golan Heights
Conquers Sinai Desert, Gaza Strip and West Bank

15. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt, 1918-1970)

16. Decolonization in Africa
African Liberation

17. Decolonization in Africa
19th century “scramble for Africa”
Legacy of colonial competition
Internal divisions
Tribal
Ethnic
religious

18. France and North Africa
Abandonment of most territories
1956 Morocco and Tunisia gain independence, 13 other colonies in 1960
Algeria
Longer period of French colonization
2 million French citizens born or settled in Algeria by WW II

19. Ghana The first sub-Saharan colony to gain independence (1957)
Kwame Nkrumah
Civil Disobedience

20. Négritude: “Blackness”
Influence of “black is beautiful” from USA
Revolt against white colonial values, reaffirmation of African civilization

21. Post-Independence Difficulties
Civil wars across AFrica
Economic hardship
Instability of democratic regimes

22. Kwame Nkrumah leading Independence Celebrations

23. Kenya Jomo Kenyatta the Kikuyu ethnic group led attacks on British
British military response, 12,000 Africans killed vs. 100 Europeans
Independence

24. Communism and Democracy in China
Mao’s Policies
Great Leap Forward ( )
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ( )
Both huge failures
Deng Xiaopeng ( ) comes to power in 1981, Four Modernizations
Tiananmen Square Massacre, 1989

25. Tiananmen Square

26. . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGJoaHr2QdM

27. Indian Democracy Indian democracy flourishes under Indira Ghandi
Daughter of Nehru, no relationship to Mohandas
“Green Revolution”
Forced Sterilization

28. Indira Gandhi
Richard Nixon and Indira Gandhi in 1971

29. ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTILISM
Muslims increasingly regard America in negative terms, move towards radicalism
Jihad: holy war
CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979
Led by Ayatollah Khomeini
Held U.S. diplomats hostage for two years

30. THE IMPACT OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION
The new government was hostile to the West.
All Western music, movies and books were banned.
Strict Muslim religious tradition had to be upheld.
Women lost most rights.

31. Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats

32. Iraq In 1980, Iran/Iraq War Saddam invades Kuwait, 1990. Desert Storm
2003 Invasion of Iraq
Execution of Saddam
Dead Iraqi Kurds in 1988 after they were attacked by Iraqi armed forces.

33. Developments in Latin America
Mexico: Nationalized Resources
Guatemala and Nicaragua: US intervention as local governments attempt to control US economic interests
Under Reagan, US supports anti-communist Contra forces

34. Argentina
A military coup brought Juan Peron to power in 1946.
His wife Eva, or “Evita”
Eva was the spokesperson for Juan’s great social changes
Totalitarian

35. South Africa Apartheid (1948) 87% of territory for whites
Africans were segregated to only the most barren lands
Division of Africans into tribes, settlement in “homelands”
African National Congress (ANC)
Mandela jailed for 27 years
Desmond Tutu, FW DeKlerk

36. Nelson Mandela

37. Dismantling of Apartheid
Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990
Negotiation of end of white minority rule
1994 elections bring ANC (Mandela) to power

38. Rwanda: Perils of Ethnicity
Characteristic of ethnic divisions in African societies
Civil war in 1994 after moderate President killed
Hutu extremists vs. Tutsis, Hutu moderates
Nearly 1 million killed
Hotel Rwanda