1. Chapter 37 The End of Empire 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

2. Decolonization in Asia ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

3. The Coming of Self-Rule Indian self-rule  British finally willing to consider independence after WWII  Muslim separatism grew; feared domination by Hindus  Muslim League called a Day of Direct Action in 1946; rioting left six thousand dead 3 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4. Partition and Violence Gandhi condemned division of India as a "vivisection" Independent India, 1947, divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India Ten million refugees moved either to India or Pakistan; one million died in migration Gandhi assassinated by a Hindu extremist, 30 January 1948 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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6. Muslims Leave India, 1947 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

7. Nationalist Struggles in Vietnam French reassert control after WWII Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), communist leader, mounts guerilla war, defeats France in 1954  Vietnam divided at 17th parallel Civil war between north (communist) and south President Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973) begins increasing U.S. involvement ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7

8. Vietnamese Protest French Occupation 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Geneva Conference  United States supported first the French, then the unpopular government of South Vietnam  North Vietnam received assistance from USSR and China Cold war stalemate  Nationalist-communist (Viet Cong) attacks on government of South Vietnam  President Johnson launched bombing campaign, sent ground troops in 1965  U.S. troops were trapped in a quagmire; dragged on until 1973 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

10. The Issue of Palestine Conflicts between Arab Palestinians and Jewish settlers, 1920s and 1930s  Arab Palestinians resisted both British rule and Jewish settlement violently  Proclaims support for Jewish “homeland” in Palestine (Balfour Declaration, 1917)  Increased Jewish migration to escape Nazis; armed for self-protection  Independent Arab states opposed a Jewish state 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

11. Demonstration against the Balfour Declaration 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

12. Creation of the State of Israel Unable to resolve conflict, Britain turned Palestine question over to UN, 1947 UN proposed dividing into two states, Palestine and Israel; Arabs opposed 1947, British withdrew, civil war broke out, Jews proclaimed the state of Israel Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq declared war on Israel Israel achieved victory in 1949; claimed territories larger than what was granted by UN plan 12 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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14. Egypt and Arab Nationalism  Military leaders under Gamal A. Nasser seized power in 1952  Nasser became prime minister, a leader of pan-Arab nationalism Suez crisis, 1956, greatly enhanced Nasser's prestige  Canal controlled by Britain; Nasser nationalized it to build Egypt's economy  Attacked by British, French, and Israeli forces, which retook canal  Both superpowers condemned military action, forced them to withdraw 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

15. The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1949-1982 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15

16. Decolonization in Africa ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

17. France and North Africa  1950s and 1960s, French granted independence to all its African colonies except Algeria  Two million French settlers in Algeria  Revolt of May 1954 was repressed by French; eight thousand Algerian Muslims died War in Algeria, 1954-1962  Algerian nationalists pursued guerrilla warfare against French rule  Atrocities on both sides; heavy civilian casualties; Algerian independence, 1962 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

18. Obstacles to African Independence Imperial powers assumed Africans were not ready for self-government White settlers opposed black independence Economic and political instability often hampered post independent Africa ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 18

19. South Africa Apartheid (1948) was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party  African National Congress publishes Freedom Charter (1955)  Repression of ANC causes worldwide ostracism of South Africa  Release of Nelson Mandela, 1990  Negotiation of end of white minority rule  1994 elections bring ANC to power  Relatively calm transition to democratic society 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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21. Nelson Mandela 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

22. Chinese Communism Mao reunified China under communism  Great Leap Forward (1958--1961) was an effort to catch up with industrial nations  All land collectivized; farming and industry became communal  Agricultural disaster; great famine followed, 1959-- 1962 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

23. Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping regained power in 1981; opened China to foreign influence Welcomed economic, market reforms; remained politically authoritarian Crushed pro-democracy student demonstration in Tiananmen Square, 1989 http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/jun/0 4/tiananmen-square-25-years-protest-massacre-china- video-report http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/jun/0 4/tiananmen-square-25-years-protest-massacre-china- video-report ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 23

24. Muslim revival Cold war split Arab-Muslim world; pan-Arab unity did not materialize Israel became a staunch ally of United States; many Arab- Islamic states allied with USSR Israel defeated Egypt and Syria in 1967 and in 1973 Egypt's president, Anwar Sadat, ended alliance with USSR in 1976 Sadat signed peace treaty with Israel in 1980; was assassinated, 1981 Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin signed peace treaties in 1993-1995 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 24

25. Islamism Muslims increasingly regard America in negative terms, move towards radicalism CIA support of Iranian Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1919-1980), overthrown in Iranian Revolution of 1979  Led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini  Khomeini attacked United States for support of the shah  Militants held sixty-nine Americans hostage for 444 days; shut down U.S. military bases  Movement encouraged other Muslims to undertake terrorist actions 25 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

26. Blindfolded U.S. Diplomats 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

27. Iranian Hostage Crisis http://www.nbcnews.com/video/icue/31391919#3 1391919 http://www.nbcnews.com/video/icue/31391919#3 1391919 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

28. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) Iraqi president Saddam Hussein launched attack on Iran in 1980 War dragged on till 1988; killed one million soldiers Next, Iraqis invaded Kuwait in 1990, inciting Gulf War, 1991 U.S.-led coalition drives him out, further hardships for Iraqi people ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 28

29. Guatemala Cold war shaped U.S. policies in Central America Guatemalan president Arbenz nationalized land held by United Fruit Co., 1953 CIA engineered overthrow of Arbenz and armed Colonel Castillo Armas Castillo Armas established brutal military dictatorship; was assassinated, 1957 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVkthJcKQxg ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 29

30. Patterns of economic dependence Need to reorient economies from export to internal development Raul Prebisch, Argentine economist, crafted theory of "economic dependency" (a) developed nations controlled world economy at expense of undeveloped ones (b) developing nations needed to protect domestic industries ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30

31. War and peace in sub-Saharan Africa Aftermath of decolonization  Organization of African Unity was created in 1963 to maintain peace and promote pan-African unity Transformation of South Africa  Gained independence in 1901, but denied civil rights to black population  South African economy strong, both mining and industry; prospered during WWII  Black workers demanded political change ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

32. South Africa Apartheid: harsh legal system imposed in 1948, designed to keep races separate  87 percent of South African land was for white residents, others classified by race  African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, launched campaign to protest apartheid  Severe government repression provoked international opposition after 1960  Black agitation and international sanctions brought end to apartheid in 1989  1994, under new constitution, Mandela won free election as first black president ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 32

33. Developing economies of Africa Africa has 10 percent of world's population but less than 1 percent of industrial output Rich in minerals, raw materials, agricultural resources Lacking in capital, technology, foreign markets, and managerial class Rapid population growth compounds problems 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.