The Enlightenment 18 th century (1700s) Mr. Zywicki and Mr. Chmiel MHS WORLD STUDIES

Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment In the wake of the Scientific Revolution came the Enlightenment. In the wake of the Scientific Revolution came the Enlightenment. This was an era in which people used reason to try to understand more about human behavior and solve the problems of society This was an era in which people used reason to try to understand more about human behavior and solve the problems of society Three key values: Reason, liberty, and progress Three key values: Reason, liberty, and progress

Reason, Liberty, and Progress – Key Enlightenment Values Reason – people should seek to find scientific/natural explanations for phenomenon; should not just accept events based on faith or superstition Reason – people should seek to find scientific/natural explanations for phenomenon; should not just accept events based on faith or superstition Liberty – people should be free to think, read, write, and speak without fear of government restriction (governments often try to hold back the spread of knowledge when it feels threatened) Liberty – people should be free to think, read, write, and speak without fear of government restriction (governments often try to hold back the spread of knowledge when it feels threatened) Progress – people can and should work to improve the world around them; they should not just accept problems and wait to go to heaven Progress – people can and should work to improve the world around them; they should not just accept problems and wait to go to heaven

Enlightenment – Age of Reason The Enlightenment is also called the “Age of Reason.” The Enlightenment is also called the “Age of Reason.” It began in France and spread to Britain, America, and beyond. It began in France and spread to Britain, America, and beyond. Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin for “DARE TO THINK” Its motto: “AUDERE SAPERE,” Latin for “DARE TO THINK”

Europe in the 1600s-1700s “Old fashioned” “Old fashioned” Absolute monarchies Absolute monarchies Dominance of the Christianity Dominance of the Christianity Church supported absolute monarchs (“divine right of kings”) Church supported absolute monarchs (“divine right of kings”) People were supposed to not ask questions, accept things based on faith in God, and not challenge governmental authority. People were supposed to not ask questions, accept things based on faith in God, and not challenge governmental authority.

Philosophes A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes. A group of French philosophers who wrote about government, law, and society were known as the philosophes. Diderot – put together first encyclopedia – spread knowledge to more people Diderot – put together first encyclopedia – spread knowledge to more people Voltaire – key thinker, promoted freedom of people to think, read, and speak without government restriction; challenged the old system of the church and state working together; thought this restricted people’s freedoms to think differently Voltaire – key thinker, promoted freedom of people to think, read, and speak without government restriction; challenged the old system of the church and state working together; thought this restricted people’s freedoms to think differently Montesquieu – key political thinker – separation of powers, checks and balances produces best governments (protect people’s rights) Montesquieu – key political thinker – separation of powers, checks and balances produces best governments (protect people’s rights) Rousseau – promoted people participating in government more Rousseau – promoted people participating in government more

Denis Diderot ► All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings. ► We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed; and, while we wait, we will abide by them.

The Encyclopédie ► Complete cycle of knowledge…………...… change the general way of thinking. ► 28 volumes. ► Alphabetical, cross-referenced, illustrated. ► First published in 1751.

Pages from Diderot’s Encyclopedie

Subscriptions to Diderot’s Encyclopedie

An Increase in Reading

New Ideas Challenge Society While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through CENSORSHIP (threw philosophes in prison; banned certain essays and books) While churches and monarchies tried to stop the flow of Enlightenment ideas through CENSORSHIP (threw philosophes in prison; banned certain essays and books) Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels and salons. Enlightenment thinkers found new ways of spreading their ideas, such as through novels and salons.

A Parisian Salon Salon – living room in a wealthy person’s home; the hostess (it was usually a woman) hosted gatherings of intellectuals, scientists, philosophes, and friends for Enlightened discussions, readings, and experiments Salons spread the Enlightenment ideas

Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

Zoology & Biology A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Natural History Collections ► Cocoa plant drawing. ► Sir Hans Sloane ( ). ► Collected from Jamaica.

Private Collections The Origins of Modern Museums.

Voltaire “It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.” “It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.” Look at how this sculpture makes him look like a philosopher. Look at how this sculpture makes him look like a philosopher.

Voltaire Famous essayist, writer (books, letters), and satirist (he used comedies to poke fun at the government and religion) Famous essayist, writer (books, letters), and satirist (he used comedies to poke fun at the government and religion) Saw corruption and falseness of government and organized religion Saw corruption and falseness of government and organized religion Wrote letters to free people prison, challenged the French government for not having enough evidence Wrote letters to free people prison, challenged the French government for not having enough evidence Thrown in prison (the Bastille) more than once Thrown in prison (the Bastille) more than once Powerful and influential man – very brave, willing to risk life to spread Enlightenment Powerful and influential man – very brave, willing to risk life to spread Enlightenment

The Baron de Montesquieu A separation of political powers ensured freedom and libertyA separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty Believed that government should have different branches – executive, legislative, judicialBelieved that government should have different branches – executive, legislative, judicial He saw the problems of absolute monarchies - all power in executiveHe saw the problems of absolute monarchies - all power in executive Any examples?Any examples?

Montesquieu Separation of powers into different branches Separation of powers into different branches Each branch can check the other’s powers (checks and balances) Each branch can check the other’s powers (checks and balances) Presidential veto power over Congressional legislation Presidential veto power over Congressional legislation House votes on articles of impeachment, Senate votes to impeach President who commits high crimes while in office House votes on articles of impeachment, Senate votes to impeach President who commits high crimes while in office Supreme Court can declare acts to be unconstitutional Supreme Court can declare acts to be unconstitutional President nominates Supreme Court justices, who must then be approved by Senate vote President nominates Supreme Court justices, who must then be approved by Senate vote Separation of powers would bring progress by preserving liberty of its citizens Separation of powers would bring progress by preserving liberty of its citizens What do you think? What do you think?

Jean Jacques Rousseau Government must preserve “virtue” and ”liberty.” Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains. The Social Contract

Rousseau Believed that people needed to participate in their government more Believed that people needed to participate in their government more Favored a republic – people vote for the representatives (similar to how American citizens vote for their senators and representatives). Favored a republic – people vote for the representatives (similar to how American citizens vote for their senators and representatives). Giving people greater say in their government would protect their natural rights more. Giving people greater say in their government would protect their natural rights more. Major influence on American and French Revolutions Major influence on American and French Revolutions

Hobbes and Locke: Different ideas on Government Both men wanted to protect people’s rights. Therefore, both had Enlightenment values – liberty, progress, and reason Both men wanted to protect people’s rights. Therefore, both had Enlightenment values – liberty, progress, and reason Hobbes believed government should be given absolute power and then could protect law- abiding citizens better. Hobbes believed government should be given absolute power and then could protect law- abiding citizens better. Locke believed that government’s power should be limited by the consent of the governed. Locke believed that government’s power should be limited by the consent of the governed.

Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. People give up (cede) their own sovereignty (power) to the state --- government then provides peace and order People give up (cede) their own sovereignty (power) to the state --- government then provides peace and order Government must exercise absolute power to enforce laws – like the biblical sea monster – the Leviathan, which was the name of his book Government must exercise absolute power to enforce laws – like the biblical sea monster – the Leviathan, which was the name of his book

Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. Thomas Hobbes: 1600’s A.D. People give up some freedoms and rights to have lives and property protected. People give up some freedoms and rights to have lives and property protected. Think of police searches and seizures, interrogating terrorists Think of police searches and seizures, interrogating terrorists In contrast, our government must respect the rights of the accused, which sometimes means that the guilty go free. In contrast, our government must respect the rights of the accused, which sometimes means that the guilty go free. What do you think? Are you willing to give up more freedoms in order to have more effective protection? What do you think? Are you willing to give up more freedoms in order to have more effective protection?

John Locke: John Locke: Government limited by consent of the governed Government limited by consent of the governed Natural Rights: inherent to being a human – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness Natural Rights: inherent to being a human – life, liberty, pursuit of happiness People should overthrow government when it does not protect their natural rights People should overthrow government when it does not protect their natural rights Examples: American Revolution and French Revolution Examples: American Revolution and French Revolution

New Economic Thinking Economists also applied reason to their study of economics during the Enlightenment. Economists also applied reason to their study of economics during the Enlightenment. Adam Smith and a group of French thinkers called physiocrats urged economies that operated with little government control. Adam Smith and a group of French thinkers called physiocrats urged economies that operated with little government control.

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations, 1776 The Wealth of Nations, 1776 Self Interest Self Interest Invisible Hand Invisible Hand Power of Market Power of Market Wealth of Nations = GDP Wealth of Nations = GDP Destroys mercantilism Destroys mercantilism Laissez Fair Tax policies Laissez Fair Tax policies

Adam Smith Governments should NOT get involved in the economy. They should follow a laissez-faire (“leave it alone”) approach to the economy) Governments should NOT get involved in the economy. They should follow a laissez-faire (“leave it alone”) approach to the economy) Governments should allow business to have free trade – no restrictions. No tariffs. Governments should allow business to have free trade – no restrictions. No tariffs. Consumers will choose to buy the best products from the companies who have the best combination of quality and price. Consumers will choose to buy the best products from the companies who have the best combination of quality and price. Weaker companies go out of business. Weaker companies go out of business. Supply and demand will naturally reach an equilibrium (supply and demand intersect at an ideal price). Supply and demand will naturally reach an equilibrium (supply and demand intersect at an ideal price).

Adam Smith continued The best companies survive and produce the best products to satisfy the consumers. The best companies survive and produce the best products to satisfy the consumers. The market is naturally regulated by the laws of supply and demand – government does not need to and SHOULD NOT get involved in interfering with supply and demand! The market is naturally regulated by the laws of supply and demand – government does not need to and SHOULD NOT get involved in interfering with supply and demand! Allowing free trade (laissez-faire – “leave it alone”) capitalism produces the greatest wealth. Allowing free trade (laissez-faire – “leave it alone”) capitalism produces the greatest wealth. Smith showed that Enlightenment ideals of reason, liberty and progress could be used to improve the economy. Smith showed that Enlightenment ideals of reason, liberty and progress could be used to improve the economy.

Price Level Real GDP o P1P1 AS LR1 Q1Q1 AD 1 AS 1

The Enlightenment in America Franklin: Franklin: Friends with Voltaire Friends with Voltaire Lived in Paris and frequented salons Lived in Paris and frequented salons Publisher Publisher Scientist Scientist Lightening Lightening Inventor Inventor Stove Stove Politician Politician Activist Activist Hospitals Hospitals Anti-slavery Anti-slavery

The American “Philosophes” John Adams ( ) Ben Franklin ( ) Thomas Jefferson ( ) …...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...

Thomas Paine ( ) ► Common Sense, 1776 ► The Rights of Man, 1791