1. Philosophes

2. Thomas Hobbes Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed government to impose order Believed humans were selfish and greedy and needed government to impose order Social Contract = people sacrifice some freedoms to a strong ruler to maintain law and order Social Contract = people sacrifice some freedoms to a strong ruler to maintain law and order Purpose of government is to keep citizens under control through a strong ruler (absolute monarchy) Purpose of government is to keep citizens under control through a strong ruler (absolute monarchy) English, 1651 The Leviathan (sea monster) compared government with awesome power English, 1651 The Leviathan (sea monster) compared government with awesome power

3. John Locke English, humans were naturally reasonable, learn from experience and improve independence. English, humans were naturally reasonable, learn from experience and improve independence. People born free and equal with natural rights; People born free and equal with natural rights; life, liberty, property life, liberty, property Purpose of government = protect natural rights and govern according to consent of the people Purpose of government = protect natural rights and govern according to consent of the people If government failed to protect natural rights citizens had right to overthrow government and establish a new social contract If government failed to protect natural rights citizens had right to overthrow government and establish a new social contract Foundation for modern democracy Foundation for modern democracy Inspired revolutions in Europe and Americas Inspired revolutions in Europe and Americas

4. Baron de Montesquieu Video Enlightenment Philosophers 3:22 min Video Enlightenment Philosophers 3:22 min Video Enlightenment Philosophers 3:22 min Video Enlightenment Philosophers 3:22 min British best form of government. Why? British best form of government. Why? Separation of power among three branches Separation of power among three branches Legislative, executive, judicial Legislative, executive, judicial System of checks and balance System of checks and balance flocabulary 3 branches flocabulary 3 branches flocabulary 3 branches flocabulary 3 branches Wrote “Spirit of the Laws” 1748 Wrote “Spirit of the Laws” 1748

5. Rousseau “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” People are born good but environment, education, and laws corrupt them People are born good but environment, education, and laws corrupt them Government should be formed and guided by the general will of society. Popular sovereignty Government should be formed and guided by the general will of society. Popular sovereignty Wrote “The Social Contract” 1762 Wrote “The Social Contract” 1762 People give up some freedom for the common good of all People give up some freedom for the common good of all

6. Voltaire Wrote “Candide”, “Philosopical Letters” Wrote “Candide”, “Philosopical Letters” Believed that freedom of speech was best weapon against bad gov. Believed that freedom of speech was best weapon against bad gov. Spoke out against catholic church Spoke out against catholic church Believed in separation of church and state Believed in separation of church and state How is this exercised in our society? How is this exercised in our society?

7. Adam Smith Scottish economist 1776 The Wealth of Nations Scottish economist 1776 The Wealth of Nations Applied enlightened law to economics Applied enlightened law to economics Individuals act in their own self-interest to create economic interest Individuals act in their own self-interest to create economic interest Became known as laissez-faire Became known as laissez-faire Believed in free market ideas of supply and demand Believed in free market ideas of supply and demand Laissez faire = lazy government. Government hands-off with business and industry ownes Laissez faire = lazy government. Government hands-off with business and industry ownes Prior to this monarchs control economic life Prior to this monarchs control economic life

8. Mary Wollstonecraft English English Despite advances for natural rights, women ignored. Despite advances for natural rights, women ignored. Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” Fought for equal education opportunities for women Fought for equal education opportunities for women People who support defend and establish equal rights for women are called ? People who support defend and establish equal rights for women are called ? suffragetes suffragetes

9. Denis Diderot Edited the encyclopedia Edited the encyclopedia 28 volumes 28 volumes Criticized government, church, slave trade, taxes, and war Criticized government, church, slave trade, taxes, and war

10. Reaction to Philosophes Absolute Monarchs banned or censored the writings Absolute Monarchs banned or censored the writings Clergy preached against them Clergy preached against them