1. Chapter 17 Section 2

2. Philosophe – (fil-uh-sof) French for philosopher. Applied to all intellectuals – writers, journalists, economists, and social reformers during the Enlightenment era. Salon – Enlightenment ideas were spread in salons. Wealthy upper class’s would congregate and discuss enlightenment ideas. Invited guests gathered to converse on new philosophes.

3. Rights with which all humans are supposedly born, including the rights to life, liberty and property (Locke) Natural Law – conditions that govern human behavior. Thinkers began to believe that the problems of society could be solved through reasoning. They wanted a just society and a good government, and they wanted to design a sensible economy. Some still opposed this idea of thinking – Kings and the Roman Catholic Church

4. 17 th century Englishman Ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world. Natural rights of man Life Liberty Property

5. Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government Ideas found in Declaration of Independence and US Constitution. Locke argued that government was based on a cooperative agreement between the people and the government of their choice. Locke had a more hopeful view of human nature than Hobbes for instance. Locke thought that people in a state of nature are guided by reason and good will. Individuals possess the natural rights of life, liberty and property. Locke believed that the power to govern was a trust given to a ruler by the people. This idea is known as consent of the governed. The duty of the government to protect the rights of the governed became important to democracy in Europe and North America.

6. French nobility Political thinker Checks and balances of government through separation of powers was the most lasting contribution to political thought.

7. French Philosopher Three basic kinds of governments Republics (suitable for small states) Despotism [des-puh-tiz-uhm](appropriate for large states) Monarchies (ideal for moderate-size states) England’s Government had three Executive branch (Monarch) Legislative (parliament) Judicial (courts of law)

8. 1694 – 1778 French writer Historian Philosopher “universe like A clock”

9. Greatest figure of the Enlightenment From Paris, France Known for criticism of Christianity and strong belief in religious tolerance Deism – 18 th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law. (belief in a God who created the world but has since remained indifferent to it.)

10. 1713-1784 French Philosopher Greatest contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia The Encyclopedia became the major weapon in the philosophes’ crusade against the old French society. “to change the way of thinking”

11. Scotland Enlightened leader of Economic thought Author, Wealth of Nations Laissez-faire – government should intervene as little as possible in the direction of economic affairs. Government had three basic roles Protecting society from invasion (the army) Defending citizens from injustice (police) Keeping up certain public works i.e., roads, canals, etc.

12. "By pursuing his own interest [every individual] frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it. I have never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good." (The Wealth of Nations) Adam Smith ––Scottish moral philosopher, political economist Adam Smith

13. Before Beccaria, extreme punishment was common to try to deter crime to make up for the lack of a state’s police force. Proposed new approach to justice Crimes and Punishment (1764) argues that punishments should not be exercises in brutality Opposed capital punishment Sets an example for barbarism “Is it not absurd, that the laws, which punish murder, should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?”

14. Geneva, Switzerland Ideas influenced the French Revolution The Social Contract Idea of the social contract: society agrees to be governed by its general will

15. Considered to be founder of European and American movements for women’s rights. Mostly self-educated Women equal rights as man, power over women is wrong A Vindication of the Rights Of Women

16. Minister, missionary Founder of Methodism, later the Methodist church “Salvation comes from God” Preached to masses of people