BELLWORK Get a handout from the front and use it to answer the following questions: Get a handout from the front and use it to answer the following questions: 1. What was the Enlightenment? 2. How were Enlightenment thinkers influenced by the Scientific Revolution? 3. What questions about government did Enlightenment thinkers raise? 4. What is the “state of nature?” 5. What is “social contract?” 6. THINKER: What is philosophy?

Review: Scientific Revolution It is important to understand exactly what accomplishments were made during the Scientific Revolution. It is important to understand exactly what accomplishments were made during the Scientific Revolution. To review, use your notes and fill in the graphic organizer on the 5 men of the Scientific Revolution. To review, use your notes and fill in the graphic organizer on the 5 men of the Scientific Revolution. Be ready to discuss! Be ready to discuss!

The Enlightenment “All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.” John Locke John Locke John Locke

Skepticism What does this Renaissance value mean? What does this Renaissance value mean? Why were people questioning things after the Middle Ages? Why were people questioning things after the Middle Ages? What kinds of things were people questioning? What kinds of things were people questioning?

Define Absolute Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Democracy Democracy

The Enlightenment The period in Europe from ~1600 – 1800 The period in Europe from ~1600 – 1800 Time of rapid scientific development, exploration of the New World and challenges to church and state authorities. Time of rapid scientific development, exploration of the New World and challenges to church and state authorities. Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason and logic to solve the problems of humans Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of reason and logic to solve the problems of humans

Question of Government European philosophers began debating the question of who should govern a nation—should kings continue to rule absolutely or should democratic forms of government develop? European philosophers began debating the question of who should govern a nation—should kings continue to rule absolutely or should democratic forms of government develop? What are the advantages/disadvantages of an absolute monarchy? What are the advantages/disadvantages of an absolute monarchy? What are the advantages/disadvantages of a democracy? What are the advantages/disadvantages of a democracy?

John Locke English philosopher: English philosopher: Believed all people had “inalienable” natural rights-- life, liberty and property Believed all people had “inalienable” natural rights-- life, liberty and property Social Contract- The government should be limited and uphold people’s natural rights, and if did not, people could rebel Social Contract- The government should be limited and uphold people’s natural rights, and if did not, people could rebel First to articulate the theory of government later found in the Declaration of Independence. First to articulate the theory of government later found in the Declaration of Independence.

Thomas Hobbes English philosopher: English philosopher: Dark view of human nature Dark view of human nature Argued that absolute monarchy was the best form of government Argued that absolute monarchy was the best form of government Believed people were naturally corrupt and violent, and could only be controlled with an absolute monarchy Believed people were naturally corrupt and violent, and could only be controlled with an absolute monarchy Social Contract- People give up rights and personal freedoms in exchange for protection from ruler Social Contract- People give up rights and personal freedoms in exchange for protection from ruler

Evaluate… Do you think people should give up their rights in exchange for protection from the government? Why or why not. Do you think people should give up their rights in exchange for protection from the government? Why or why not.

Baron de Montesquieu French philosopher: French philosopher: Promoted the idea of separation of powers-power should be divided equally among the branches of government Promoted the idea of separation of powers-power should be divided equally among the branches of government This created a balance of power in which all branches “check” power of the others This created a balance of power in which all branches “check” power of the others Three branches: Executive, Judicial, Legislative Three branches: Executive, Judicial, Legislative

Analyze… Identify the 3 branches of government and their role in the United States today. Identify the 3 branches of government and their role in the United States today. Why does the U.S. use “checks and balances?” Why does the U.S. use “checks and balances?”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Swiss-born philosopher: Swiss-born philosopher: Believed man was naturally good, but corrupted by society Believed man was naturally good, but corrupted by society Right to rule rested with the people and should rule for the common good Right to rule rested with the people and should rule for the common good Supported and influenced idea of democracy Supported and influenced idea of democracy

Conclude… What aspect of Rousseau’s philosophy do we have in our US Government? What aspect of Rousseau’s philosophy do we have in our US Government?

Voltaire French philosopher: French philosopher: Believed an absolute monarchy was the best form of government Believed an absolute monarchy was the best form of government Advocate of freedom of speech and religion Advocate of freedom of speech and religion Believed an “enlightened monarch” was the most suitable ruler (allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education) Believed an “enlightened monarch” was the most suitable ruler (allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education)

Voltaire “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it” Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? What is he advocating? Why? Analyze this quote by Voltaire. What is he saying? What is he advocating? Why?

Evaluate… How does freedom of speech promote peaceful change in government, rather than revolution? How does freedom of speech promote peaceful change in government, rather than revolution? Give a modern-day example of people using freedom of speech to protest a change in government Give a modern-day example of people using freedom of speech to protest a change in government

You Decide… Which philosopher do you feel is the most influential to the formation of the US Government and why? Which philosopher do you feel is the most influential to the formation of the US Government and why?

Enlightenment Music Even though the Enlightenment was over 300 years ago, their ideas still have an effect on our government, society, and culture today. Even though the Enlightenment was over 300 years ago, their ideas still have an effect on our government, society, and culture today. You will now listen to six songs and evaluate the lyrics with regards to the Enlightenment. You will now listen to six songs and evaluate the lyrics with regards to the Enlightenment. Each song aligns with an Enlightenment philosopher and their ideas of government. Each song aligns with an Enlightenment philosopher and their ideas of government. You will underline lyrics that prove their ideas and then we will listen to the song and discuss! You will underline lyrics that prove their ideas and then we will listen to the song and discuss! Have fun with this, but also use it as a chance to review Enlightenment ideas! Have fun with this, but also use it as a chance to review Enlightenment ideas!