: an “Age of Nationalism” Nationalism became the major theme of the late-1800’s Intense pride and devotion to one’s country or ones culture Aftermath of the Revolutions of 1848

Pros and Cons of Nationalism Positive aspects of NationalismNegative aspects of Nationalism

Causes: Conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over territory in the Balkan Peninsula and Black Sea region Possibility of Russia becoming too powerful made other European countries nervous France and Great Britain aided the Ottoman Empire in the war Were hoping to keep Russian expansion in check Heavy casualties Florence Nightingale…nursing Russia was defeated Crimean War

Italy divided into city-states since the fall of Rome Italian peninsula was a battle-ground for competing states throughout much of the early modern period Lands controlled by outside powers such as Austria and France Attempts at unification in the early 1800’s were unsuccessful Guiseppe Mazzini: called for a centralized republic with universal suffrage Eventually, Italian unification would be spearheaded by King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia and his advisor Camillo Benso di Cavour Unification of Italy

In Southern Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi led a revolt in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which was controlled by the French Victor Emmanuel was declared the first king of Italy on March 17, 1861 Venice and Rome were added to Italy in 1866 and 1870 Unification of Italy

1861: Wilhelm I became king of Prussia 1862: Otto Von Bismarck appointed Chancellor/Prime Minister of Prussia Wilhelm and Bismarck had dreams of Prussia growing in power and dominating German lands. They used nationalism to achieve this goal. Unification of Germany

Under Bismarck, Prussia grew in power Begins a series of wars to take over neighboring German states Franco-Prussian War: France and Prussia go to war; France thought they were preventing a Hohenzollern from taking the throne of Spain. Bismarck encourages the rumor and stirs up trouble until France eventually starts the war France suffers a humiliating defeat January 18, 1871: the King of Prussia was declared the Emperor of Germany In the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles Unification of Germany

Germany and France became bitter enemies Germany gained control of Alsace-Lorraine (both were rich, industrial provinces) Germany will become and economic and military power Germany joins other nations in their quest to build an empire (imperialism…more on this in our next unit) Unification of Germany