European empires in Asia Portugal: first European power to create an empire in Asia; converted Goa into a military base, trade city Mongol Empire– Muslims that controlled the great part of India, but no Southern India; Portuguese reached agreements with many local princes Portugal attacked the port of Melaka, a thriving spice port, and killed the muslims who had led trading In < 50 years, Portugal built a trade empire with border fortifications and trading ports under their control; in 1500s, Portugal controlled European-Asian spice trade Not successful in converting Asians to Christianity

Dutch start an empire Netherlands – 1500 – protestant areas gain independence from Holy Roman Empire 1599 – Dutch establisha a powerful maritime empire; are the first to push Dutch out of Asian areas; establish colonies and trading ports all over the world Dutch form the East India Company, an enormous trading company that had its own army Dutch use military force to achieve their trading objectives; build ties with local leaders In the 1700s, Dutch lose all of their Asian empire (other than Indonesia) to England and France

Spain takes control of the Philippines 1521 – Magellan claims the archipelago of islands now known as the Philippines for Spain; in 50 years, they conquer, colonies the islands– name them for Spanish King Phillip II Convert the people to Christianity A key part of the Spanish empire Silver from Mexico & Peru is used to buy goods from China Finally, the Mongolian Empire is destroyed due to internal battles between hindus and muslims and the presence of Europeans

Absolutism Absolutism: A system where the ruler holds total power; Absolute monarchy: King receives his power from God; responsible to no one but God Absolute monarchs could make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control state officials, determine foreign policy France before Louis XIV was a mess; didn’t help that Louis XIII and Louis XIV took the throne as boys Cardinals Richelieu (Louis XIII’s chief minister) and Mazarin (Louis XIV’s chief minister) increased power of monarchy; took away Huguenots’ political and military rights; used spies to control nobles; crushed nobles’ revolt When Mazarin dies, Louis XIV takes supreme power

Louis XIV of France – The Sun King Louis XIV known as Sun King – source of light for all of his people; Louis XIV established royal court at Versailles; chief offices of state were there, under his watch; Removed highest nobles and royal princes from royal council, positions of authority; invited them to his court; kept them busy socially, out of politics Local governments remained in control of nobles, local officials, town councils; but Louis XIV bribed important people in provinces to carry out policies Destroyed Huguenot churches, closed their schools, forced them to convert to Catholicism

Louis XIV, the Sun King (cont.) Louis XIV waged 4 wars between to increase size of France Increased royal taxes to pay for wars, palaces, maintaining his court Decreased imports and increased exports by subsidizing new industries; building roads, canals; increasing tariffs (import taxes) Louis XIV died in 1715, believing he had warred, spent too much; but his example would be copied all over Europe

Emergence of Prussia/ Germany After the 30 Years’ War, Holy Roman Empire no longer existed; there was no German nation, over 300 little “Germanies” In late 1600s, 1700s, Prussia and Austria began to emerge as great European powers Frederick William the Great Elector realized that with no natural frontiers, had to build large army; created 4 th largest army in Europe, built new govt. Austrian Hapsburgs had lost German Empire during 30 Years’ War; move south and east; took over Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia

English Revolution(s) English revolutions: a series of conflicts in 1600s over the relative power of king vs. parliament James I fought with Puritans (who wanted to make Church of England more protestant) & parliament (over power of king) Charles I (James’ son) rejected parliament’s petition saying king couldn’t pass taxes w/out parliament’s consent; imposed ↑ rituals in CoE Led many Puritans to leave for America, creating colonies in Massachusetts

English Revolution/Civil War 1642 – War breaks out between king’s supporters (Cavaliers or Royalists) vs. parliamentary supporters (Roundheads) Parliament wins, due to Oliver Cromwell and his New Model Army, made up of Calvinists Cromwell purged parliament of non-supporters This new “Rump Parliament”: –kills Charles I in 1649; abolishes monarchy; disbands house of Lords; declares England a republic (govt. of the people) But Cromwell couldn’t work with Parliament, disbands it, and sets up military dictatorship

Restoration and Glorious Revolution After Cromwell dies, Parliament restores monarchy, appoints Charles II king, shares power with King, restores CoE as state religion, restricted rights of Catholics and Puritans Charles II sympathetic to Catholics, suspends laws restricting them and Puritans James II (Charles II’s successor) open Catholic “Glorious Revolution”: –Dutch king William of Orange invited to invade Eng., –James II is ousted, –William and Mary (James II’s daughter) made king and queen –Bill of Rights (giving power to Parliament) & Toleration Act