1. Crisis and Absolutism England, France, Spain, Russia, Prussia, Austria

2. Crisis? What crisis? Isn’t everything fine in Europe after the Renaissance? Religion, Religion, Religion!!! Conflict between Protestants and Catholics result in wars for religious and political control of the different regions of Europe

3. Absolutism…Absolutely! Absolute monarchs are also associated with the rise of professional standing armies, professional bureaucracies, the codification of state laws, and the rise of ideologies that justify the absolutist monarchy. Absolutist monarchs typically were considered to have the divine right of kings as a cornerstone of the philosophy that justified their power.

4. England 1558 laid foundation for a world empire For political (not religious reasons…although used religion as a justification) Henry VIII established the Church of England

5. Henry VIII’s SIX wives Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Divorced after 20 yrs. Executed Died (Child=Mary) (Child=Elizabeth) (Child=Edward) Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard Katherine Parr AnnuledBeheadedOutlived

6. Spain Largest empire; Catholic; spread to Central and South America King Philip II: controlled Spanish Netherlands (Flanders); foremost Western European power Married to Queen Mary of England Spanish Armada very powerful in early part of Era of Absolutism (because of the Age of Exploration) England defeated the Armada when Queen Elizabeth (his sister-in- law) was in power

7. Spanish Armada Queen Mary I Qqueen Mary I

8. “Bloody Mary” 1555: Protestant Bonfires (burned at the stake) As Queen, Mary was very concerned about heresy and the English church. She had always rejected the break with Rome instituted by her father and the establishment of Protestantism by Edward VI.

9. England and the Elizabethan Age 1558-1603 Defeated the Spanish Armada Shakespearean Era

10. Russia Ivan IV (aka: Ivan the Terrible) Czar (caesar) –Time of Troubles Michael Romanov came to power and the Romanov family ruled from 1613 lasted until 1917 (WWI) Peter the Great(1689) –Sought to “westernize” Russia (“open a window to the West”) European technology Police state Built St. Petersburg

11. 30 YEAR’S WAR 1618-1648 The War started then and included ALL major European powers except England involved End = Peace of Westphalia ended war in Germany Initially the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Germany), although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. Gradually the war developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European powers. [ [

12. France Louis XIV (14) takes “power” in 1643 at 4 years old Cardinal Mazarin ran country until his death 1661 At 23, Louis took over ABSOLUTE power and DIVINE RIGHT Created Versailles Anti-Protestant Policy Spread mercantilism

13. Versailles(just outside of Paris, France)

15. Peace of Westphalia Ended European Wars of Religion Divided the more than 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire into independent states Gave the “states” the power to determine their own religion Gave the “states” the power to conduct their own foreign policy Brought an END to Holy Roman Empire OFFICIALLY Created NATION-STATES in Europe

16. End of the Thirty Year’s War…

17. England after Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, the Tudor dynasty ends James I Divine Right King of England Charles I (1628-son of James) –Parliament passed petition that king could not pass taxes without Parliament’s consent

18. English Civil War 1642: Cavaliers (Royalists) V. Parliament/Oliver Cromwell (Roundheads) Roundheads WON! Oliver Cromwell creates Rump Parliament and executes Charles I (1649) Civil War ENDS ABSOLUTE monarchy and House of Lords; creates a commonwealth AND THEN set up a military dictatorship (1658)

19. Glorious Revolution Cromwell dies, Charles II takes over (restoration of the Stuart kings) –Parliament kept power James II takes over (Catholic) Parliament asks Mary, daughter of James to join her husband (William of Orange) to invade England in exchange for the throne NO BLOODSHED 1689 English Bill of Rights = Constitutional Monarchy Toleration Act of 1689: Puritans (not Catholics) free to publicly worship

20. Prussia, Austria, and “Germany” Prussia, Austria, and the German city- states are somewhat powerful at the time Since the Hapsburgs lost “Germany” which was the Holy Roman Empire, the family took Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary and when they defeated the Turks (Muslims) in 1683, they took Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovania

21. Hapsburgs in Eastern Europe

22. Must Knows… Religious tension Absolutism (in Europe) Henry VIII and Act of Supremacy Thirty Year’s War Peace of Westphalia English Civil War, Cromwell and the Glorious Revolution France, Spain, Hapsburgs, Russia, Austria, etc. End of the HRE