ECED 2060

 The Braille code was developed by French educator, Louis Braille, who was himself blind.  Braille is a tactile system of reading and writing, based on a code of 6 embossed dots.

 The National Deaf Mute College was established, later renamed Gallaudet University, after Thomas Gallaudet, who, in the early 1800s, taught children with hearing impairments to communicate via a system of manual signs and symbols.

 This term was introduced to the public in general by Alexander Graham Bell.

 College level training for teachers of children with mental retardation started.

 In the early 20 th century, Montessori, an Italian medical doctor, established schools for children who lived in the poorest sections of Rome.  Her classroom experiences were designed to meet individual needs of the students.

 Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon published their intelligence test -- the first IQ test. Binet, a French psychologist, was asked to create a method of identifying children who needed special education services. His colleague, Simon, helped Binet determine mental age.

 The term “emotional disturbance” began to be used.

 The terms “mental retardation” and “gifted” first appeared in professional literature.

 The Council for Exceptional Children was founded.

 Leo Kanner identified the characteristics of children with autism.

 Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Modern civil rights movement. This case decided that segregated schools violated the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. Even though this case involved race and not disability, the implication was inclusion of all children. Court decision was that education is a right that must be available to all on equal terms.  Supreme Court

 Samuel A. Kirk introduced the term “learning disabilities.”

 Project Head Start -- Office of Economic Opportunity Act.  Established early education programs for 4- year-old children from economically disadvantaged homes.  This program was a critical component of a larger national agenda called the War on Poverty.

 Handicapped Children's Early Education Assistance Act (HCEEP)  Addressed services for very young children with developmental disabilities and their families.

 Case involved the assessment, in English, of 9 children whose native tongue was Spanish.  Assessment testing must be done in the child’s native language.  Settled out of court

 Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children  Class action suit brought by several parents of children with mental retardation who were denied a free public education.  US District Court

 Seven school-age children were denied education because of mental retardation, emotional disturbances, hyperactivity, or behavior issues.  Supreme Court

 Originally, Head Start had an open door policy for children who met the economic requirement.  These amendments mandated that 10% of enrollment was to be reserved for children with disabilities.

 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973  “No qualified handicapped person shall, on the basis of handicap, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to, discrimination under any program or activity which receives or benefits from federal financial assistance.”

 Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA)  Landmark legislation  Free, appropriate public education for children ages 3 – 21.  Individualized Education Program (IEP)  Least restrictive environment  11 categories only so far …  Ford originally vetoed this.

 EHA Amendments  Extended law to infant/toddler programs  Part B – 3 to 5 year olds (preschoolers)  Part H – incentive monies to states that have early intervention programs (infants and toddlers)

 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)  National mandate to end discrimination against individuals with disabilities in private sector employment; public accommodations, including libraries, state and local government facilities, restaurants, hotels, theaters, stores, transportation; telecommunications; hiring practices.

 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (renamed EHA)  Person-first terminology; “handicap” became “disability”  Added 2 categories – Autism and Traumatic Brain Injury

 Reauthorization of Head Start  Early Head Start for children birth to 4 and pregnant mothers

 Reauthorization of IDEA and amendments  ADD and ADHD in Other Health Impairments  “Developmentally Delayed”  Child Find refined

 No Child Left Behind  Called for more standardized testing  Highly qualified teachers  All children will achieve, at a minimum, proficiency on standardized tests.

 Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (reauthorization of IDEA)  Attempt to align with NCLB  Highly qualified special education teachers  Added homeless children and highly mobile children  Provided for “alternate interim educational setting”