1. Polices Shaping School Reform
Course Overview Chapter 1

2. Deconstructing Disabilities
Definitions differ due to culture, attitudes, beliefs, orientation, and discipline
Explanations of the concept vary on whether disability means impairment of a person’s ability to participate in mainstream society
Difference b/w disability and a handicap
Handicap=discrimination and pity

3. History of Disabilities
Romans- put to death
Middle Ages and Renaissance- court jesters and kept for amusement
World War II- millions of disabled people killed and marked start of Nazi death camps
Educational and Social neglect- 19th century legacy
Institutionalization- 20th Century- purpose to take those who were different out of the society
1954- Brown vs. Board of Ed- excluded those w/ disabilities
1960’s- start of Civil rights movement
1970’s- impact of legislation
1972- PARC vs. Commonwealth of PA- guaranteed ed. for MR
1972- Mills vs. District of Columbia- reinforced right for education

4. Reasons Why Congress Passed National Special Ed. Laws
Moral/Ethical- years of exclusion, segregation and ed. Opportunities-
In 1948 only 12% of disabled received education and 1962 only 16 states had mandatory rules for mild disabilities
Parents had no options
Influence of litigation
By million kids were un-served

5. Landmark Special Education Laws
Date #
Name
Provisions
1973
Section 504 PL
Section 504 of Vocational Rehabilitation Act
Set stage for IDEA and ADA
Guarantees civil rights for disabled
Require accommodations for school and society
1975 PL
The Education of All Handicapped Children’s Education Act (EHA)
Guarantees free and appropriate public education (FAPE) with the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
IEP (Individualized Education Plan)
Gave parents Due Process

6. Landmark Special Education Laws
Date #
Name
Provisions
1986 PL
Pre-School of Toddler Act
Early Intervention Services (EI) for infants and toddlers
Individualized Family Service Plans (IFSP)
1990 PL
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
Re-authorized PL
Added Transition Plans (ITP)
Added autism and traumatic brain injuries
Zero reject
Nondiscriminatory evaluation
FAPE
LRE vs inclusion
Due Process
Increased Parent participation

7. Four IDEA Outcomes for Students
Equality of opportunity
Full Participation- in every aspect of life including school and the community
Independent Living
Economic self-sufficiency

8. Landmark Special Education Laws
Date #
Name
Provisions
1990 PL
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Barred discrimination from employment, transportation, public buildings and telecommunications
Implements concept of normalization
1997 PL
IDEA (reauthorized)
Added ADHD to “other health impairments”
Added functional and behavioral Assessments and Behavior Intervention Plans (BIP)

9. Landmark Special Education Laws
Date #
Name
Provisions
2001 PL
Elementary and Secondary Education Act or No Child Left Behind (ESEA)
Requires all kids take part in state and district testing
Adequate yearly progress
Call for 100% proficiency for all in reading and math by 2012
Parental choice and right
School safety
Highly Qualified Teachers
Research based learning & teaching strat

10. Landmark Special Education Laws??
Politics and Advocacy Play a role in the future of Special Education

11. SPECIAL ED TODAY Special Ed. is a set of services not a place
Influence of Medical care and technology
Influence of the above legislations and related problems
Dilemmas
Balance b/w FAPE and LRE
Litigation
Cost of Special Ed- related services and costs and federal assistance
Inclusion
Due Process
Segregation?/Discriminatory
Includes too many students
Administrative burden
Outcomes- employment, residential, societies attitudes

12. Classification Autism Deaf-Blindness Deafness Emotional Disturbances
Hearing Impairments
Mental Retardation
Multiple Disabilities
Orthopedic impairments
Other health Impaired
Specified Learning Disabilities
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Visual Impairment