Expanding West Louisiana Purchase, 1803 – Purchased Louisiana Territory from the French – Mississippi R.  Rocky Mtns Monroe Doctrine – John Q. Adams, Sec. of State, acquired many territories (Oregon, Florida, north) – Other countries (Spain, Portugal, Russia) interested in reclaiming colonies in N. & S. America – Monroe Doctrine = opposition to European interference in Western Hemisphere

Expanding West Manifest Destiny: belief that one is ordained by God to expand to new territory New settlers took trails westward – Santa Fe Trail, Oregon Trail Gold Rush – Gold discovered near the Sierra Nevadas drew thousands of settlers to the west – Forty-niners: prospectors who moved to CA during the gold rush Indian Removal Act, 1830 – Provided fed. $ to negotiate treaties w/ Native Americans to force them westward – Cherokee refused to leave but were forced, despite a court ruling Trail of Tears: Cherokee people were gathered in camps & made to walk the 800+ miles from GA to the west trailer trailer Texas Revolution  Mexican American War

Conflict & Change Changes for Native Americans Market revolution Changes for women Early industries of N & S N v. S on slavery (Missouri Compromise) Abolition movement

Conflict & Change Market Revolution: shift in the U.S. economy from making one’s own goods to buying & selling products – National economy grew quickly – Free enterprise (freedom of businesses to operate competitively) & entrepreneurs (businesspeople who start and invest in new industries) both contributed to this growth – New inventions & products Products that made life more comfortable Inventions that improved business – 1837 = telegraph – Samuel B. Morse – Better transportation systems: canals & steamboats, railroads & steam-powered locomotives

Conflict & Change Impacts – Buying & selling across various U.S. regions – North & Midwest began to industrialize – Growth of factory work (ex: Lowell textile mills) Poor working conditions in factories led to workers’ strikes (stop work to force employer to meet demands) First unions to organize workers & secure rights/benefits – Increases in immigration (settling in a new country) in the mid 1800s – millions added to the U.S. population Mostly European (Irish), some Asian

Conflict & Change Social reform: an organized attempt to improve what is unjust or imperfect in society During Jackson era, more people could vote than ever before; reform mov’ts started to affect politics Political ideals – Politics was becoming more democratic. People pointed to the Declaration of Independence’s promise of liberty and equality. – Questioned slavery as undemocratic – Began to ask why women had few rights Religious ideals – Second Great Awakening—stressed free will; said that individuals could save their souls by their own actions. – “Individual salvation is the first step toward reforming the world.” This message inspired people to improve society.

Conflict & Change Native Americans – Were offered deals to vacate land to accommodate American expansion Often forced to leave (Trail of Tears) Received small amount of land & money in these deals Isolated into reservations in undesirable locations – Did not live & work among Americans; some minor trading of crops, clothing, and animal furs – Were not seen as U.S. citizens Handled by Dept. of State or Dept. of War Did not have rights of U.S. citizens (e.g. voting) No protection from federal gov’t No public schools until 1860s – Gov’t began creating day schools (leave reservation each day for school) & boarding schools

Conflict & Change Women – Were citizens but not equal to men Could not vote, get full education, or hold certain jobs; if married, wages & property went to her husband only – Were highly involved in reform movements Abolition (mov’t to end slavery), women’s rights, temperance (mov’t to control alcohol consumption) Started conventions, founded schools, opened women’s medical facilities, wrote books & articles – Education Most girls did not go past elementary school 1821 = Troy Female Seminary; classes in math, social studies, languages, music, art, and English; Emma Willard=founder 1833: Oberlin College becomes 1 st co-ed college (4 women)

Conflict & Change African Americans – Limited acceptance in white society Some states saw them as slaves, some as free citizens Could not vote or hold certain jobs – Could not get an equal education Some schools set up for blacks in the North (some public, most private) 1854: Pennsylvania opens first college for African American men – Abolition mov’t Antislavery societies formed – Some advocated free citizenship, some emigration to Africa Underground Railroad helped slaves escape to North Conventions held; newspapers published (“The Liberator”) Rebellions began among slaves – Turner’s Rebellion – 1831