Disease Prevention and Control

Communicable Diseases Disease that is spread from one living thing to another Pathogen is the organism that causes the disease 5 types of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan's, rickettsias Organisms that cause disease are everywhere

Virus Pieces of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat Need living cells to reproduce Antibiotics do not work on them EX: flu, common cold, polio, chicken pox, herpes, small pox, West Nile virus

Bacteria Single celled microorganism Most are harmless but some can cause sickness EX: strep throat, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, Lyme disease

Fungi Plant like organisms, cause disease to skin mostly EX: Athletes foot, ringworm

Protozoan's Single celled organisms that are larger and more complex than bacteria Most are harmless EX: Malaria, sleeping sickness

Rickettsias Resemble bacteria but multiply and invade like virus Get through bites usually EX: Typhus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Transmission Transmitted through several different methods: Direct contact- includes touching, biting, kissing, and sexual contact; sneezing on to someone is direct contact Indirect contact- Contaminated objects- door knobs; vectors-organism such as tick, mosquito; water and food Airborne transmission- sneeze or cough and stay in the air and you breath in ex: chicken pox, flu

Prevention Wash hands # 1 thing for prevention Handle food properly Abstinence Eating right Avoiding getting bit by insects Manage stress

Barriers Immune system has barriers that try to protect and keep us safe, they fight off the pathogens by using our white blood cells Chemical barriers are enzymes in tears and saliva, and gastric juice Physical barriers are skin, mucus membranes, and cilia

Vaccines Prevent disease Live virus- made from pathogens grown in lab, weakened but still causes body to produce antibodies ex: chicken pox Killed virus- inactivated pathogens, even though dead still stimulate immune system to make antibodies ex: flu Toxoids- inactivated toxins from pathogens ex: tetanus New and second generation- developed by scientist in lab ex: hepatitis b

Common Communicable Diseases Respiratory infections- most common ex: common cold, Influenza, Pneumonia, Strep throat, Tuberculosis Hepatitis- EX: A transmitted through bad hygiene; B- transmitted through sexual contact or with needles, causes liver damage and failure, have vaccine, considered STD and causes liver cancer; C- blood borne infection, direct contact usually with needles in drug users causes liver damage and failure

STDs Human papillomavirus (HPV)- causes genital warts and is asymptomatic sometimes, most common std, no treatment, can also cause cervical cancer, stays in body Chlamydia- bacterial infection that affects the reproductive organs, usually asymptomatic, can be treated Genital herpes- two types 1-causes cold sores 2-genital sores, however both types can affect mouth; more common in adults 20-29, asymptomatic sometimes, symptoms cured but always have virus

STDs Gonorrhea- bacterial std that usually affects mucous membranes, most common in teenage females, treated with antibiotics Trichomoniasis- caused by a microscopic protozoan that results in infections of the vagina, urethra, and bladder, treated with medications Syphilis- attack many parts and is caused by small bacterium called spirochete Not all STDs produce recognizable symptoms How can a STD change your life?

HIV and AIDS Aids is disease in which the immune system of the patient is weakened HIV is virus that attacks the immune system HIV is transmitted through body fluids such as blood, and other bodily fluids HIV Transmitted- through sexual intercourse, sharing needles. And mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing Best method for prevention of this and all STDs is abstinence

HIV and AIDS HIV has three stages 1st- asymptomatic ½ of all cases causes flu like symptoms within the first 3 to 6 weeks once, and then no symptoms from then on and can last for 10 years or more but you are still spreading the virus 2nd is symptomatic- you are sick all the time you lose weight, have swollen glands, immune system in weakened 3rd is AIDS- immune system shuts down, brain cells attacked and have trouble thinking and remembering

Noncommunicable Diseases Disease that is not transmitted by another person, vector, or the environment Stroke is caused by cerebral hemorrhage Cardiovascular- disease that affects the heart or blood vessels EX: Hypertension- high blood pressure Atherosclerosis- plaque build up in artery walls Angina Pectoris-chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen Arrhythmia- irregular heart beat Heart Attack- damage to heart due to blocked or reduced blood supply- 1in 4 do not produce symptoms

Noncommunicable Diseases Cancer-uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, 4 types: 1-lymphoma-cancer of immune system, 2-leukemia- cancers of blood forming organs, 3-carcinomas- cancers of glands and body linings, 4- sarcomas- cancer of connective tissue Cancer can be prevented through healthy lifestyle; such as be active, eat right, protect skin, recognize warning signs

Noncommunicable diseases Warning signs of Cancer: C-change in bowl habits A- a sore that doesn’t heal U- unusual bleeding or discharge T- thickening of a lump I- indigestion or difficulty swallowing O- obvious change in wart or mole N- nagging cough or hoarseness

Noncommunicable Diseases Chronic diseases are ones that are on and off or continuous for long periods of time Allergies, Asthma, Diabetes, and Arthritis are examples of this Allergy- specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless substance Asthma- inflammatory condition in which the small airways in the lungs become narrowed causing difficulty breathing

Noncommunicable Diseases Diabetes- chronic disease that affects the way body cells convert food into energy Glucose builds up in blood and not delivered to cells Have type 1-body does not produce enough insulin; type 2- unable to make insulin or use it properly ½ of all people with type 2 diabetes are unaware that they have it Main cause of kidney failure, limb amputations, and blindness in adults

Noncommunicable Diseases Lower your risk of diabetes by eating right, maintaining a healthy weight and exercise Arthritis- cause pain and loss of movement in the joints Leading cause of disability in the United States You can lower your chance of getting by avoiding injury to your joints