Energy Resources
Energy What is Energy ? Many of us would answer…. electricity orgasoline or maybe nuclear power
Energy What is Energy ? For many people in LDCs energy is… fuel wood
Energy fuel wood In LDCs used for cooking and heating In LDCs used for cooking and heating
Energy fuel wood The “other” energy crisis The “other” energy crisis A major problem in LDCs A major problem in LDCs
fuel wood fuel wood The “other” energy crisis As population grows As population grows the need for fuel wood energy grows
fuel wood fuel wood The “other” energy crisis energy crisis trees shrubs & bushes grasses crop residues dried dung
trees shrubs & bushes grasses crop residues dried dung The demand for fuel wood is resulting in soil erosion, soil nutrient depletion, and landdegradation land degradation
Energy fuel wood The “other” energy crisis The “other” energy crisis A major problem in LDCs A major problem in LDCs
In MDCs, abundant energy is vital to society Energy Modern industrial culture is energy intensive
Human cultural evolution has been accompanied by has been accompanied by Energy & Culture Increasingly powerful energy sources Increasingly powerful energy sources Increased per capita energy utilization Increased per capita energy utilization
Hunter-gatherer society Energy & Culture human muscle power & fire human muscle power & fire Agricultural society domesticated draft animals domesticated draft animals wind & water power wind & water power
Energy & Culture Early industrial society coal energy – fossil fuel coal energy – fossil fuel steam engines steam engines
Energy & Culture Modern industrial society oil & natural gas energy – fossil fuels oil & natural gas energy – fossil fuels internal combustion engines internal combustion engines electrical energy electrical energy nuclear energy nuclear energy
Time Period U.S. Energy Sources Primary Energy Source Pre Fuel Wood From 1850 to 1900 the use of fire wood decreased as the use of coal increased
Time Period U.S. Energy Sources Primary Energy Source Coal The use of oil grew during the first half of the 20 th century
Time Period U.S. Energy Sources Primary Energy Source present Oil During the second half of the 20 th century, oil use surpassed coal use
The United States has about 6% of world population U.S. Energy Use but we use about one-third of the world’s energy
High energy use does contribute to a high standard of living U.S. Energy Use but much of our energy is used wastefully The U.S. is an energy GLUTTON
We can maintain our standard of living U.S. Energy Use but reduce our energy use through efficiency & conservation
Energy efficiency & conservation Doing the same work, but using less energy Our best energy “source”
Reduces use of fossil fuels Energy efficiency & conservation Reduces pollution Reduces release of greenhouse gases
Prolongs supplies of fossil fuels Reduces need for new energy plants Energy efficiency & conservation Allows more time for development of alternative energies
Energy efficiency & conservation Saves money Improves our balance of trade Reduces reliance on imported oil
1973 OPEC Oil Embargo U. S. Reliance On Imported Oil OPECOPECOPECOPEC rganization of etroleum xporting ountries Reduced availability of crude oil
Sharp increase in crude oil prices U. S. Reliance On Imported Oil 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo gasoline, home heating oil diesel, and Prices for sharply increased
Rapid increases in costs of consumer products 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo Rapid increase in overall cost of living Period of double-digit inflation
Gasoline shortages 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo Long lines at gasoline stations Growing popularity of smaller, fuel-efficient autos
National concern for energy conservation and energy independence 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo President Carter called the energy crisis “the moral equivalent of war”
The Carter administration increased federal support for alternative energy research and development 1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
Unfortunately, federal support for alternative energy research and development declined after the Carter administration U. S. Reliance On Imported Oil The U.S. is now more dependent on imported oil than it was in 1973
Energy Use of Fossil Fuels Coal Petroleum Natural Gas
Use of Fossil Fuels Energy Currently, our largest energy source Large-scale use for only about 200 years
Use of Fossil Fuels Energy Large-scale use will decline in the future decline in the future Decreasing supplies Decreasing supplies
Use of Fossil Fuels Energy Large-scale use will decline in the future decline in the future Increasing costs Increasing costs
Use of Fossil Fuels Energy Large-scale use will decline in the future decline in the future Adverse environmental impacts Adverse environmental impacts
“From the perspective of a 10,000 year time span, human utilization of fossil fuels will seem like a brief, toxic fire aboard a spaceship” Use of Fossil Fuels
Time Present years years years years Use of Fossil Fuels
“From the perspective of a 10,000 year time span, human utilization of fossil fuels will seem like a brief, toxic fire aboard a spaceship” Use of Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource Use of Fossil Fuels Nonrenewable – no more of the resource can be obtained within a useful time frame
Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource Use of Fossil Fuels Geologic formation occurred over millions of years
Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainable Use of Fossil Fuels Nonrenewable, finite supply Exhaustion of supply will deprive future generations deprive future generations
Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainable Use of Fossil Fuels Exhaustion of supply will deprive future generations deprive future generations Energy resource Energy resource Synthetic base Synthetic base Lubricants Lubricants
Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainable Use of Fossil Fuels Pollution from use may affect future generations affect future generations Global Climate Change Global Climate Change Acid Precipitation Acid Precipitation Chemical Pollution Chemical Pollution
Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainable Use of Fossil Fuels To work toward a sustainable society, we must make the transition to renewable energy sources
United States Energy Sources Use of Fossil Fuels The U.S. is heavily dependent on fossil fuels Approximately 85% of U.S. energy
United States Energy Sources Use of Fossil Fuels Petroleum or oil is the largest single source of U.S. energy Approximately 40% of U.S. energy
United States Energy Sources Use of Fossil Fuels - Approximately 20% of U.S. energy - Approximately 25% of U.S. energy Natural Gas Coal
United States Energy Sources Use of Fossil Fuels Approximately 15% of U.S. energy comes from all other sources nuclear nuclear hydro hydro solar solar wind wind geothermal geothermal other other
United States Energy Sources Use of Fossil Fuels Oil 40% Natural Gas 25% Gas 25% Coal 20% Non Fossil Fuel 15%
Total Reserves – the amount left to be recovered Use of Fossil Fuels Known Reserves – have already been found and quantity estimated Suspected Reserves – thought to exist, but not yet found, quantity uncertain
Use of Fossil Fuels Suspected Reserves – thought to exist, but not yet found, quantity uncertain All the “easy” reserves have been found Suspected reserves will be in remote locations and will be difficult and expensive to recover
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Uncertainties in estimates due to unknown quantities of suspected reserves unknown quantities of suspected reserves will rate of use increase or decrease will rate of use increase or decrease
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Petroleum – the smallest reserves at current rate of use, reserves may last at current rate of use, reserves may last 40 – 50 years
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Petroleum – the smallest reserves yet the one we use the most yet the one we use the most most urgent need to find a replacement most urgent need to find a replacement
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Natural Gas – larger reserves than oil at current rate of use, reserves may last at current rate of use, reserves may last 60 – 80 years
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Natural Gas – larger reserves than oil the “cleanest” fossil fuel the “cleanest” fossil fuel likely that rate of use will increase likely that rate of use will increase
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Coal – the largest reserves at current rate of use, reserves may last at current rate of use, reserves may last 200 – 300 years
How long will fossil fuel reserves last ? Use of Fossil Fuels Coal – the largest reserves the “dirtiest” of the fossil fuels the “dirtiest” of the fossil fuels undesirable to burn it all undesirable to burn it all
Reserves are limited Use of Fossil Fuels particularly petroleum particularly petroleum Use has adverse effects on humans on humans on environment on environment
What are the “costs” of fossil fuel use ? of fossil fuel use ? Use of Fossil Fuels Costs in a broad sense includes more than just dollars includes more than just dollars includes negative effects on humans and environment includes negative effects on humans and environment
What are the “costs” of fossil fuel use ? of fossil fuel use ? Use of Fossil Fuels Human costs may include death and illness difficult to assign a dollar value difficult to assign a dollar value
What are the “costs” of fossil fuel use ? of fossil fuel use ? Use of Fossil Fuels Environmental costs may include ecosystem alteration and degradation difficult to assign a dollar value difficult to assign a dollar value
What are the “costs” of fossil fuel use ? of fossil fuel use ? Use of Fossil Fuels Externalization of Costs someone other than direct producer or direct consumer bears the costs someone other than direct producer or direct consumer bears the costs
What are the “costs” of fossil fuel use ? of fossil fuel use ? Use of Fossil Fuels Externalization of Costs the “costs” of fossil fuel use are often borne by society as a whole the “costs” of fossil fuel use are often borne by society as a whole
Stages of Exploitation Use of Fossil Fuels Exploration Exploration Extraction Extraction Processing Processing Transportation Transportation End Use End Use
End Use Costs of Fossil Fuels the most significant human impacts the most significant environmental impacts environmental impacts
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Global Climate Change fossil fuel combustion releases CO 2 into the atmosphere fossil fuel combustion releases CO 2 into the atmosphere atmospheric CO 2 traps heat in the atmospheric CO 2 traps heat in the atmosphere – global warming atmosphere – global warming
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Global Climate Change the most serious and important threat from our reliance on fossil fuels the most serious and important threat from our reliance on fossil fuels potential major impacts on life on Earth potential major impacts on life on Earth
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Global Climate Change We will consider this important topic in greater detail later in the semester We will consider this important topic in greater detail later in the semester
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Acid Precipitation Combustion reactions release nitrogen oxides (NOx) Combustion reactions release nitrogen oxides (NOx) Combustion of high sulfur fuels releases sulfur oxides (SOx) Combustion of high sulfur fuels releases sulfur oxides (SOx)
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Acid Precipitation NOx react with atmospheric H 2 O to form HNO 3 – nitric acid NOx react with atmospheric H 2 O to form HNO 3 – nitric acid SOx react with atmospheric H 2 O to form H 2 SO 4 – sulfuric acid SOx react with atmospheric H 2 O to form H 2 SO 4 – sulfuric acid
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Acid Precipitation Adverse effects on forests, aquatic ecosystems, structures, human health Adverse effects on forests, aquatic ecosystems, structures, human health
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Acid Precipitation We will consider this topic in greater detail later in the semester We will consider this topic in greater detail later in the semester
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Chemical Pollution Combustion of fossil fuels results in a variety of chemical pollutants Combustion of fossil fuels results in a variety of chemical pollutants
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Chemical Pollution carbon monoxide (CO) carbon monoxide (CO) heavy metals heavy metals radionuclides radionuclides
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Chemical Pollution hydrocarbons hydrocarbons particulates particulates ozone ozone
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Chemical Pollution polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs) peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs)
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Chemical Pollution pollutant release has adverse effects on human and environmental health pollutant release has adverse effects on human and environmental health
Costs of Fossil Fuels End Use Chemical Pollution We will consider this topic in greater detail later in the semester We will consider this topic in greater detail later in the semester
Costs of Fossil Fuels There are enormous human and environmental “costs” associated with continued use of fossil fuels
What alternatives are there to the fossil fuels ? Energy Alternatives Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Renewable Energies Renewable Energies
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Power Nuclear Power Nuclear Fusion currently working currently working still experimental still experimental energy from chain reaction of a heavy, radioactive element energy from chain reaction of a heavy, radioactive element energy from combining light elements to form a heavier element energy from combining light elements to form a heavier element
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Heat is released from the chain reaction of a fissionable radioactive isotope U 235 is typical fuel
Heat produces steam to spin a turbine and generator to produce electricity Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission
The radioactive fuel is contained in the reactor core The radioactive fuel is contained in the reactor core Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Control rods regulate the rate of the chain reaction
Control rods absorb neutrons to regulate the chain reaction Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission
Chernobyl – workers improperly withdrew the control rods leading to a run away chain reaction Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Chernobyl – the run away chain reaction lead to core meltdown and a steam explosion
U.S. reactors are housed in containment structures Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission
Chernobyl – the reactor did not have a containment structure Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Chernobyl – doubtful that a containment structure could have withstood the steam explosion
What are the pros and cons of nuclear fission ? Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission
Nuclear power has some advantages over fossil fuels Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission
PROS relative to fossil fuels Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission No greenhouse gas emissions No greenhouse gas emissions No acid rain emissions No acid rain emissions No chemical pollution emissions No chemical pollution emissions No strip mining No strip mining No acid mine drainage No acid mine drainage
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission additional PROS A currently working technology A currently working technology Very high energy density Very high energy density Overall good safety record Overall good safety record
What are some of the CONS or negative aspects of nuclear fission ? Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission
CONS Risk of accidents -- Chernobyl Risk of accidents -- Chernobyl Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Nonrenewable energy source Nonrenewable energy source Limited amount of fissionable isotopes Limited amount of fissionable isotopes
Not all radioactive isotopes are fissionable – will undergo chain reaction Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission U 238 – the abundant isotope of uranium is not fissionable U 235 – is fissionable, but is a relatively rare isotope of uranium
Breeder Reactors could expand supply of fissionable material Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Breeder Reactors convert U 238 to Pu 239 The U.S. closed its experimental breeder reactor at Clinch River, TN
CONS Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Potential proliferation of nuclear weapons Potential proliferation of nuclear weapons Concern over possible sabotage Concern over possible sabotage Decommissioning old nuclear plants Decommissioning old nuclear plants Disposal of high-level nuclear wastes Disposal of high-level nuclear wastes
Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission What to do with high-level nuclear wastes ? Some isotopes will remain dangerously radioactive for thousands of years
The U.S. repository for high-level nuclear wastes is under construction at Yucca Mountain, NV Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission The wastes will be buried deep underground
The Yucca Mountain project is controversial Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Until Yucca Mountain is ready, nuclear plants are storing their wastes on site
CONS Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission High construction costs and long construction time Low public acceptance & support Lack of private insurance Health effects on uranium miners
Point to Ponder Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission How do you personally feel about nuclear power in the U.S. ? increase a lot increase a lot increase a little increase a little stay about the same stay about the same decrease a little decrease a little decrease a lot decrease a lot
Energy from combining light elements to form a heavier element Still an experimental technology Still an experimental technology Energy of sun and stars Energy of sun and stars Much more energy than nuclear fission Much more energy than nuclear fission Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion
Energy of the solar furnace The sun can fuse hydrogen atoms together to form iron The sun can fuse hydrogen atoms together to form iron Goal of fusion energy on Earth is to fuse hydrogen atoms together to form helium or lithium Goal of fusion energy on Earth is to fuse hydrogen atoms together to form helium or lithium
Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion
Challenges to Development Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion High ignition temperature High ignition temperature Confining the reaction Confining the reaction
Challenges to Development Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion High ignition temperature High ignition temperature Multiple powerful lasers focused on a single point in space bring frozen deuterium pellet to ignition temperature
Challenges to Development Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion Confining the reaction Confining the reaction “magnetic bottle” powerful electromagnets confine reaction in a magnetic field
Still an experimental technology Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion Controlled fusion reactions have been achieved However, the “break-even” point has not yet been reached
the “break-even” point Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion Energy output equals energy input Energy output equals energy input Energy input – ignition and confinement of reaction Energy input – ignition and confinement of reaction
the “break-even” point Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion Energy output ______________ Energy input = 1.00
Potential Pros Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion Enormous amounts of energy Enormous amounts of energy Deuterium isotope of hydrogen is abundant in seawater Deuterium isotope of hydrogen is abundant in seawater No radioactive wastes No radioactive wastes
Cons Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion Not a currently working technology Not a currently working technology Timetable for commercial development remains uncertain Timetable for commercial development remains uncertain
Renewable Energy Sources
No single renewable energy source will satisfy all energy needs Renewable Energy Sources However, combinations of different renewable energies can meet most, if not all, of our energy needs
The exact combination of renewable energies will depend upon geographic location and the energy application Renewable Energy Sources
Most renewable energy technologies are sufficiently developed for large scale application Renewable Energy Sources TODAY We need to hasten the transition away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy
Many Pros in common Renewable Energy Sources Renewable – supply will not run out Renewable – supply will not run out Low pollution – including CO 2 Low pollution – including CO 2 Prolong supply of fossil fuels Prolong supply of fossil fuels Compatible with a sustainable society Compatible with a sustainable society
There are many choices available on the renewable energy “menu” Renewable Energy Sources There are so many choices available that some less promising technologies will not be widely used for lack of need
Renewable Energy Sources Direct Solar Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Hydrogen Indirect Solar Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Tidal Geothermal
Renewable Energy Sources Solar Energy Primary energy source for essentially all natural ecosystems on earth Primary energy source for essentially all natural ecosystems on earth Why not the primary energy source for human societies ? Why not the primary energy source for human societies ?
Renewable Energy Sources Solar Energy Direct Solar – directly uses electromagnetic energy of sunlight Direct Solar – directly uses electromagnetic energy of sunlight Indirect Solar – uses the stored thermal, kinetic, or chemical energy from sunlight Indirect Solar – uses the stored thermal, kinetic, or chemical energy from sunlight
Direct Solar Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis
Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Nothing moves – no pumps or working fluid Nothing moves – no pumps or working fluid Relies primarily on architectural design and construction Relies primarily on architectural design and construction
Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Archeological evidence suggest use in ancient buildings Archeological evidence suggest use in ancient buildings Primary value is in lighting and space heating and cooling of buildings Primary value is in lighting and space heating and cooling of buildings
Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Tremendous energy expenditures in lighting and space heating and cooling of buildings Tremendous energy expenditures in lighting and space heating and cooling of buildings can be reduced through passive solar designs
Simple architectural design, such as Passive solar placement of windows placement of windows placement of overhangs placement of overhangs and can reduce energy required for heating and cooling buildings
Passive solar winter sun summer sun
Passive solar Simple architectural design, such as Greenhouse or thermal storage by water or masonry Greenhouse or thermal storage by water or masonry
Direct Solar Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis
Solar Energy Solar Energy Active Solar A working fluid, usually water, absorbs heat from sunlight and is moved by pumps A working fluid, usually water, absorbs heat from sunlight and is moved by pumps
Solar Energy Solar Energy Active Solar Multiple Applications Multiple Applications Domestic – water and space heating Commercial & Industrial – production of steam and electricity
Domestic Domestic Active Solar Active Solar Water is heated by sunlight in roof top solar collectors Water is heated by sunlight in roof top solar collectors
Domestic Domestic Active Solar Active Solar Solar heated water is used in home water heater and can be used for space heating Solar heated water is used in home water heater and can be used for space heating
Can also be used for production of Active Solar Active Solar Commercial & Industrial – production of steam and electricity Commercial & Industrial – production of steam and electricity
Active Solar Active Solar
Direct Solar Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis
Solar Energy Solar Energy Photovoltaics aka – solar cells aka – solar cells originally developed as exotic power source for satellites originally developed as exotic power source for satellites
Sunlight energy (photons) causes the movement of electrons (current) between layers of silicon to produce directly produce electricity from sulight Photovoltaics
now routine in calculators, outdoor lighting, and other applications now routine in calculators, outdoor lighting, and other applications tremendous increase in efficiency tremendous increase in efficiency tremendous decrease in cost tremendous decrease in cost Photovoltaics exciting developments in design and application exciting developments in design and application
Direct Solar Solar Energy Solar Energy Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis
Solar Energy Solar Energy Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis An early reaction in natural photosynthesis uses sunlight energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogen An early reaction in natural photosynthesis uses sunlight energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogen
Solar Energy Solar Energy Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis 2H 2 O + sunlight 2H 2 + O 2 research is in progress to develop an economical way to do this in vitro research is in progress to develop an economical way to do this in vitro
Solar Energy Solar Energy Artificial Photosynthesis Artificial Photosynthesis 2H 2 O + sunlight 2H 2 + O 2 this process would produce hydrogen gas this process would produce hydrogen gas
Often called “the fuel of the future” Hydrogen Nearly an ideal fuel Could be a replacement for current transportation fuels
The primary problem is that there is almost no free hydrogen (H 2 ) on earth Hydrogen The hydrogen is bound in molecules, such as water (H 2 O) Free hydrogen (H 2 ) must be produced by splitting molecules
Hydrogen Production of free hydrogen (H 2 ) by splitting molecules requires a primary energy source Currently H 2 is produced by electrolysis of water Electrolysis of water to produce H 2 requires substantial electricity
Hydrogen Hydrogen energy would be more practical with direct solar production of H 2 direct solar production of H 2 fusion production of electricity fusion production of electricity solar production of electricity solar production of electricity
Hydrogen can be used in combustion engines or in fuel cells Hydrogen In either application, hydrogen fuel produces little-to-no pollution
Hydrogen 2 H 2 + O 2 2 H 2 O + heat energy Burning hydrogen fuel in a combustion engine produces water as the end product
Hydrogen can also be used in fuel cells for production of electricity Water is again the byproduct
Hydrogen fuel cells can also run electric motors
Renewable Energy Sources Direct Solar Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Hydrogen Indirect Solar Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Tidal Geothermal
Solar Energy Solar Energy Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Indirect Solar
Atmospheric movement, wind, is due to differential heating of the atmosphere by the sun Atmospheric movement, wind, is due to differential heating of the atmosphere by the sun Wind Energy Wind Energy How indirect solar ?
Has been used for centuries Wind Energy Wind Energy Currently a well developed technology for production of electricity
Most of current U.S. production capacity located in California Wind Energy Wind Energy Large new facilities under construction in Texas
Wind turbines are increasing in size and efficiency Wind Energy Wind Energy
Potential for substantial contribution to U.S. energy needs Wind Energy Wind Energy Many good wind energy sites located across the country
The biggest problem is the variable nature of winds The biggest problem is the variable nature of winds Wind Energy Wind Energy no wind -- no electricity no wind -- no electricity There are some negatives or cons with wind energy
Wind Energy Wind Energy Problem eased by widely geographically located facilities connected to the national power grid the wind is always blowing somewhere the wind is always blowing somewhere
Unfortunately, the rotors of wind turbines can also kill and injure birds Wind Energy Wind Energy ways to minimize impacts on birds are under study ways to minimize impacts on birds are under study
Solar Energy Solar Energy Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Indirect Solar
How indirect solar ? Hydropower Hydropower sunlight energy evaporates water, lifting it into the atmosphere sunlight energy evaporates water, lifting it into the atmosphere
Hydropower Hydropower precipitation from the atmosphere runs downhill by gravity precipitation from the atmosphere runs downhill by gravity
Energy is extracted from the water as it runs downhill Energy is extracted from the water as it runs downhill Hydropower Hydropower
Has been used for centuries Currently a well developed technology for production of electricity
In the U.S., most of the good locations for big hydropower dams have been exploited Hydropower Hydropower Around the world, many good locations for big hydropower dams have not been exploited
Small scale hydropower could further contribute to energy needs in rural areas of less developed countries Hydropower Hydropower
Big hydropower dams have multiple pros and cons Hydropower Hydropower Dam opponents are calling for removal of some dams
Hydropower Hydropower Big hydropower dams -- pros electricity generation electricity generation water reservoir water reservoir flood control flood control creates recreational area creates recreational area
Hydropower Hydropower Big hydropower dams -- cons obstacle to fish migration obstacle to fish migration floods land floods land disrupts natural water cycle disrupts natural water cycle destroys recreational area destroys recreational area
Solar Energy Solar Energy Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Indirect Solar
Biomass Energy Biomass Energy How indirect solar ? Energy of sunlight used in photosynthesis to form complex organic compounds Energy of sunlight used in photosynthesis to form complex organic compounds
Multiple forms Biomass Energy Biomass Energy direct combustion direct combustion waste to energy waste to energy conversion to methane conversion to methane conversion to alcohol conversion to alcohol
Biomass Energy Biomass Energy
A concern common to all forms of biomass energy is the potential for land degradation and soil depletion Biomass Energy Biomass Energy
Solar Energy Solar Energy Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Indirect Solar
O cean T hermal E nergy C onversion OTEC OTEC What is it ? An acronym for
OTEC OTEC How indirect solar ? Utilizes the thermal gradient formed in bodies of water due to warming of surface water by sunlight energy Utilizes the thermal gradient formed in bodies of water due to warming of surface water by sunlight energy
First proposed more than a century ago OTEC OTEC Currently an experimental technology
A fluid with a low boiling point is circulated in pipes between warm surface water and cold deep water A fluid with a low boiling point is circulated in pipes between warm surface water and cold deep water OTEC OTEC
The fluid turns to steam at the temperature of surface water and the steam spins a turbo generator to produce electricity OTEC OTEC
The steam recondenses to fluid as it passes into the cold temperature of deep water OTEC OTEC The fluid is then pumped back to the surface to repeat the cycle
Has potential to benefit coastal and island areas Has potential to benefit coastal and island areas OTEC OTEC However, OTEC technology does not seem to be progressing and there is no clear timetable for commercial application
Renewable Energy Sources Direct Solar Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Hydrogen Indirect Solar Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Tidal Geothermal
Ocean tides are due to gravitational attraction of the moon – lunar energy Ocean tides are due to gravitational attraction of the moon – lunar energy Tidal Power Tidal Power
Water flowing in or out with the tide spins turbo generators to produce electricity Tidal Power Tidal Power
Extremely high tides required Tidal Power Tidal Power Relatively few good sites in the world
Required tidal dams disrupt intertidal biological communities Tidal Power Tidal Power Seems destined for failure
Renewable Energy Sources Direct Solar Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Hydrogen Indirect Solar Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Tidal Geothermal
Not a truly renewable energy source Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy Thought to have a long period of use and often classified with renewable energies
Heat from the Earth’s interior provides the energy Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy Theoretically available anywhere on Earth – if go deep enough
Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy
Good geothermal sites are where “hot rock” is located close to the surface Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy Hot rock heats water to steam to spin a turbo generator to produce electricity
Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy
Currently a well developed technology for production of electricity Many good geothermal sites located across the country
Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy
Renewable Energy Sources Direct Solar Passive solar Passive solar Active solar Active solar Photovoltaics Photovoltaics Artificial Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Hydrogen Indirect Solar Wind Wind Hydropower Hydropower Biomass Biomass OTEC OTEC Tidal Geothermal
Renewable energies are available today ! There are enormous human and environmental “costs” associated with continued use of fossil fuels