Chapter 16 Part 4 AbsolutismVConstitutionalism

James II Inherited the throne on the death of his brother Charles II Inherited the throne on the death of his brother Charles II Was 55 years old and a recent convert to Catholicism Was 55 years old and a recent convert to Catholicism Had outlived his first wife and had two grown and married daughters: Had outlived his first wife and had two grown and married daughters: Mary, who had married William of Orange Mary, who had married William of Orange Anne, who had married the king of Denmark Anne, who had married the king of Denmark First family and James…Anglican First family and James…Anglican

James II tried to return England to Catholicism He appointed Catholics to high positions in Government and universities He appointed Catholics to high positions in Government and universities James II issued The Declaration of Indulgences: granting freedom of worship to Catholics James II issued The Declaration of Indulgences: granting freedom of worship to Catholics And demanded that the above be read at Anglican services on two successive Sundays And demanded that the above be read at Anglican services on two successive Sundays

Then James had married a Catholic James had married a Catholic His wife delivered a son 1688 (Catholic) His wife delivered a son 1688 (Catholic) Parliament was not willing to go along Parliament was not willing to go along Forced James II to abdicate Forced James II to abdicate His son WOULD HAVE been James III His son WOULD HAVE been James III Was called the Old Pretender (will try to invade England in 1715 and take power (unsuccessfully) Was called the Old Pretender (will try to invade England in 1715 and take power (unsuccessfully)

The Old Pretender Will grow up, marry, have a son of his own Will grow up, marry, have a son of his own Would have been Charles III Would have been Charles III Charles was called the New Pretender Charles was called the New Pretender HE tried to retake the English throne with the help of the Scots in 1745 HE tried to retake the English throne with the help of the Scots in 1745 Was also called Bonnie Prince Charlie Was also called Bonnie Prince Charlie

The Glorious Revolution James II’s daughters were both Protestant James II’s daughters were both Protestant The older daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, were invited by Parliament to take the English throne The older daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, were invited by Parliament to take the English throne

William and Mary Charles I (England) William II …Mary Charles II James II William III (Orange/England)……….Mary II Holy Christmas! Charles I was the grandfather of BOTH William and Mary! Yikes! (I guess it’s not just the Hapsburgs!

William of Orange Agreed IF he had the popular support of the English And if he could bring Dutch troops with him… Clearly, he was prepared to invade England and take power if necessary

Late 1688 William and Mary were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament William and Mary were declared joint sovereigns by Parliament

England as a Constitutional Monarchy All Below constitute the English Constitution: All Below constitute the English Constitution: The English Bill of Rights (1689) The English Bill of Rights (1689) The Petition of Right (1628) The Petition of Right (1628) The Habeas Corpus Act (1679) The Habeas Corpus Act (1679)

The English Bill of Rights: King could not be Roman Catholic King could not be Roman Catholic Laws could be made only by Parliament Laws could be made only by Parliament No standing army in peacetime without Parliament’s approval No standing army in peacetime without Parliament’s approval Taxation only with Parliament’s approval Taxation only with Parliament’s approval Prohibited excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment Prohibited excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

English Bill of Rights continued Guaranteed the right to trial by jury, due process of law, reasonable bail Guaranteed the right to trial by jury, due process of law, reasonable bail The right to bear arms (for Protestants) The right to bear arms (for Protestants) Free elections to Parliament Free elections to Parliament Parliament could only be dissolved with its consent Parliament could only be dissolved with its consent People have the right of petition People have the right of petition

John Locke Wrote his Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) Wrote his Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690) Was the most notable defense of the Glorious Revolution Was the most notable defense of the Glorious Revolution Locke said that the people create a government to protect their “natural Rights” of Life, Liberty, and Property Locke said that the people create a government to protect their “natural Rights” of Life, Liberty, and Property

The Toleration Act 1689 Freedom to worship for Protestant nonconformists (like Puritans and Quakers) but not the right to hold office Freedom to worship for Protestant nonconformists (like Puritans and Quakers) but not the right to hold office Freedom to worship was NOT extended to Catholics, Unitarians Freedom to worship was NOT extended to Catholics, Unitarians BUT they were usually left alone BUT they were usually left alone

1701 The Act of Settlement If King William or his sister-in-law, Anne, died without children, the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I (the electress dowager of Hanover) or to her heirs If King William or his sister-in-law, Anne, died without children, the crown would pass to the granddaughter of James I (the electress dowager of Hanover) or to her heirs The Stuarts were no longer in the line of Succession The Stuarts were no longer in the line of Succession When Anne died in 1714, crown went to George I (a Hanovarian) When Anne died in 1714, crown went to George I (a Hanovarian)

1707 The Act of Union United England and Scotland = Great Britain Scots agreed to this to take advantage of English trade…it worked out well for them Also, Scottish Presbyterians were worried that the Old and Young Pretenders might try to return and take the throne of Scotland

The Cabinet System (18 th Century) Leading ministers who were members of the House of Commons AND had the support of the majority of its members made policy and conducted the business of the country

The Prime Minister Considered the leader of the government A member of the majority party Generally the liaison between the monarch and the House of commons

Robert Walpole Though the title of PM was not jet used, he is considered to be the first PM He led the Cabinet from Established the precedent that the cabinet was responsible to the House of Commons

The Hanoverians as Monarchs George I usually presided over cabinet meetings (but did not speak English) George II did not preside over Cabinet meetings and did not speak English George III (grandson of II) tried to be a better English king but the role had been diminished as a result of the disinterest of Georges I & II

The United Provinces of the Netherlands aka The Dutch Republic First ½ of the 17 th Century was the “Golden Age” of the Netherlands Government was dominated by the Bourgeoisie Their wealth and power limited the power of the state

The Government of the Dutch Republic Was an organized CONFEDERATION of 7 provinces Each province sent one representative to the ESTATES GENERAL Holland and Zeeland were the richest and most influential of the provinces

The Government of the Dutch Republic Each province and city was autonomous (self- governing) Each province had an elected STATHOLDER (governor) and military leader In times of crisis all 7 provinces would elect the same Statholder…usually from the House of Orange

Religious Toleration Calvinism was dominant but was split between two factions: Dutch Reformed: the majority and most powerful Arminians: Calvinism without the belief in predestination

Religion Arminians: most merchant class Enjoyed full civil rights after 1632 Catholics and Jews: full toleration but fewer rights Religious toleration fostered trade and led to a cosmopolitan society

The Greatest Mercantile Nation of the 17 th Century Amsterdam became the banking and commercial center of Europe Replaced Antwerp (dominant in the 16 th C) Amsterdam was the richest city in Europe Population 100,000+ Banking dominance because of the lower interest rates than English banks

The Dutch Few Natural Resources So it relied on commerce Had the world’s largest fleet dedicated to trade Was a hub of European trade due to its many outstanding ports Little government interference with free enterprise

Industries Fishing: the cornerstone of the Dutch economy Major Industries: Woolens, furniture, sugar refining, tobacco cutting, brewing, pottery, glass, printing, paper making, weapons manufacturing, ship building DEIC and DWIC: Corporate ventures of private individuals and the state

DEIC Challenged the Portuguese in the East including South Africa, Sri Lanka, and parts of Indonesia DWIC traded exclusively with Latin America and Africa

Foreign Policy Participated in the Thirty Years’ War against the Hapsburgs 1670’s wars with England and France Significant economic decline resulted

Middle Class Values Even the wealthy had middle class values Wealth was fairly evenly divided The poor in the Netherlands were not as poor as that class in the rest of Europe BUT Hard times and the end of the Golden Age due to the costly wars: 30 Years’, the Dutch Devolution, 2nd Dutch War, 4 separate Anglo-Dutch Wars

Sweden Sweden was a world power Controlled much of the Baltic region

Gustavus Adolphus Reorganized the government The Riksdag: an assembly of nobles, clergy, townsmen, and peasants SUPPOSEDLY had the highest legislative authority BUT the real power was with the monarchy and nobility

Swedish Government The Nobles had the dominant role in the military and bureaucracy The central government was divided into 5 departments, each controlled by a noble Focused on trade rather than building a huge military