Unit Two – Honors World History Byzantine, Mongol, Islam, African Societies

SSWH4 - The student will analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE. a. Analyze the importance of Justinian, include the influence of the Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code, and Justinian’s efforts to recapture the west. b. Describe the relationship between the Roman and Byzantine Empires; include the impact Byzantium had on Moscow and the Russian Empire, the effect of Byzantine culture on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev, and the rise of Constantinople as a center for law, religion, and the arts. c. Explain the Great Schism of 1054 CE. d. Analyze the spread of the Mongol Empire; include the role of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in developing the empire, the impact of the Mongols on Russia, China and the West, the development of trade, and European observations through the writings of Marco Polo. e. Explain the Ottoman Empire’s role in the decline of Byzantium and the capture of Constantinople in 1453 CE.

Day One

First Ten Listen to MLK Jr. Speech – 50th Anniversary

Hook Review Test Results Where can I improve? List two goals for Unit Two – List these in your “First Ten” area of your notebook.

Hook Eastern Orthodox: Originally Christianity had one church. Because of political conflicts and differences in belief, the western and eastern parts of the Christian Church split in 1054 CE (Great Schism). Roman Catholic: Services are conduced in Latin, Pope has authority over bishops, pope claims authority over kings and emperors, priests cannot marry and divorce is not permitted. Eastern Orthodox: Services are conducted in Greek/local language, patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group, emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops, Priests can marry, divorce is allowed under certain conditions. Gospel of Jesus and Bible Baptism Priests/ bishops Seek converts

Work Session Time Period – 500 CE Byzantine Empire – 527 CE – Justinian 1240 CE Mongols Rise 1453 CE – Constantinople falls to Ottomans PPT Notes

Constantinople Constantinople became the sole capital of the empire and remained so until the successful revival of the western empire in the 8th century by Charlemagne. The city is named after the emperor Constantine Constantine announced the end to all persecution of Christians

Byzantine Empire

Justinian 482-565 CE 527 – Succeeded his uncle – New Emperors of Rome ABSOLUTE Power – Ran a theocracy – leader of the church and state “New Caesar” Known for his law code Constant struggle to gain control of the west and restore the former Roman Empire

Byzantine Empire

Justinian’s Code Greek Language – Distinctive Culture Created a uniform law code from convoluted / contradictory laws of the Romans The Code – 5,000 Roman Laws The Digest: Opinions of legal thinkers about law The Institutes: textbook to law students The Novella – The New Laws passed after 534 Marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women’s rights, and criminal justice Lasted 900 years!

New Religion Religion as well as law served imperial centralization. In 380, Christianity had been proclaimed the official religion of the eastern empire. Now all other religions were considered “demented and insane.”

Book I, Of Persons VIII. Slaves 1 Book I, Of Persons VIII. Slaves 1. Slaves are in the power of masters, a power derived from the law of nations: for among all nations it may be remarked that masters have the power of life and death over their slaves, and that everything acquired by the slave is acquired for the master.

Book II, Of Things I. Division of Things 1 Book II, Of Things I. Division of Things 1. By the law of nature these things are common to mankind: the air, running water, the sea, and consequently the shores of the sea. No one, therefore, is forbidden to approach the seashore, provided that he respects habitats, monuments, and buildings which are not, like the sea, subject only to the law of nations. … 5. The public use of the seashore is part of the law of nations, as is that of the sea itself; and, therefore, any person is at liberty to place on it a cottage, to which he may retreat, or to dry his nets there, and haul them from the sea; for the shores may be said to be the property of no man. … 28. If the wheat of Titius is mixed with yours, when this takes place by mutual consent, the mixed heap belongs to you in common because … each grain, which before was the property of one or other of you, has by your mutual consent been made your common property; but, if the intermixture were accidental, or made by Titius without your consent, the mixed wheat does not then belong to you both in common… If either of you keep the whole quantity of mixed wheat, the other has a real actio [claim or suit] for the amount of wheat belonging to him, but it is in the province of the judge to estimate the quality of the wheat belonging to each.

Empress Theodora 500-548 CE Wife of Justinian Very powerful Dealt with foreign problems/disputes/treat ies Assisted with the legislative process Supported the construction of churches After her death Justinian passed no more laws

Constantinople Capital City Rebuilt city with walled fortifications Church Construction Hagia Sophia Holy Wisdom Preservation of Greco-Roman History Ottoman Turks sack the city in 1453

"Not since the world was made was there "Not since the world was made was there . . . so much wealth as was found in Constantinople. For the Greeks say that two-thirds of the wealth of this world is in Constantinople and the other third scattered throughout the world." --Robert of Clari, a French crusader who witnessed the pillage of the city in 1204, describing Constantinople.

The Great Schism: 1054 1054: The pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine

Last Ten Rome: Three Reasons the Roman Empire fell: First Christian Emperor in Constantinople: In 476 CE: Western Europe will see 500 years of dark ages Eastern Europe is now the _________________ Empire Byzantine: Byzantine was different from the Roman Empire because they utilized a ____________ language and was a solid ___________ state. ____________ was the significant leader of the Byzantine Empire Differences between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics: