Law Enforcement Organization and Administration Chapter 1

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Modern Day Law Enforcement can be traced to the Metropolitan Police in London, England, created in 1829.

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution in England caused a great surge of an uneducated and poorly trained population to migrate to London. This surge led to an increase in crime, chaos and poverty. These problems led to a proliferation of private and special police forces that served the needs of the diverse interest groups needing protection.

British Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel lobbied British Parliament to from a professional organized police force under government control.

Metropolitan Police Act Outlined the first duty manual to prevent crime and protect order. Established a police constabulary modeled into a para-military organization with a military style rank structure.

Metropolitan Police model was a success and gradually extended to all parts of England and was exported to America. Key component was local control

Traditional Management Concept of local control – Each county or city having control of the local police or sheriffs department Department had Centralized Administration – Control from top – Limited decision making at the operational level

Pendleton Act – Attempt to limit political influence by the creation of a Civil Service to hire and promote personnel – Placed federal employees under a merit system in an attempt to reduce political interference

Scientific Management Model Present Scientific Management – emphasis on efficiency, orderliness, and output. – Division of labor – Unity of Command and centralization of decision making – One-way authority – Narrow span of control

REFORMERS

O. W. Wilson Police Management Principals – Professional police department divorced from politics – Rigorous police personnel selection and training process – Use of latest technology innovations available for law enforcement

O. W. Wilson Opposed civil service because it hampered police chiefs from selecting most qualified personnel in selection and promotion Organized police around – Planning – Activating – Controlling

William H. Parker LAPD Chief – Implemented Scientific Management in the LAPD – Instituted probationary periods for new officers – Developed a method of operation manual – Implemented a research and development division – LAPD became model for hiring standards, recruitment, training, and technology

HUMAN RELATIONS MODEL 1925 TO PRESENT

Participative Management – The Police Executive is a team leader – Manager is first among equals – People oriented humanistic approach Manager defines limits in which decisions can be made Manager and the group jointly make decisions with limits defined by organizational constraints

Behavioral Management 1945 to Present Systems Management 1960 to Present

Management By Objectives Goal Orientated Philosophy and Attitude Focus on results, less concerned for method Program evaluation and review techniques – Manner of determining goal achievement Planned programmed budgets – Better identification of expenditures – Tighter control of unit activities Organizational development – Process of building a sound organizational structure

Community Policing Incorporates problem-solving policing, which attempts to solve specific crime problems in the community

Proactive Police Management 1980 to Present

Proactive Police Management Focus Of The Text Objective of policing is crime prevention Strong commitment to community involvement Modern Bureaucracy Full Service Police Department with multi- specialist teams Full use of modern communication

Modern budgeting and accounting systems Crisis Management Planning Consultative Management Data Driven Department with full use of technology Emphasis on Operational Utility

INNOVATORS

WILLIAM BRATTON Instituted crime control planning program known as COMPSTAT (computer statistics) while he was New York City Police Commissioner

Lee P. Brown Instituted Neighborhood Oriented Police model in Houston, Texas. Oriented police officer from enforcer of neighborhood beats to problem solver.