1. To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009  Chapter 9 The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

2. The Roots of Bureaucracy  Foreign Affairs, War, Treasury first departments, AND Office of Attorney General(legal advisor)  Growth in early 1800s with Post Office due to westward expansion – Major source of jobs  Patronage and the spoils system become common (What is the key difference?)  Civil War spawns another expansion due to food distribution problems – Department of Agriculture is created (1889)

3.  Pendleton Act (1883) is beginning of civil service system in response to massive turnover when a new president was elected.  Also known as merit system.  Initiated by Garfield before assassination  Unfair business practices leads to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)  First independent regulatory commission.  Railroad companies charging exorbinant rates for freight  Marks shift from service to regulatory bureaucracy  ons

4. Twentieth-Century Bureaucracy  Growing number of cabinet departments.  Dept. of Commerce and Labor to oversee employer/employee relationships  Divided into two separate depts by Wilson  Addressed problems associated with monopolies and poor working conditions of employees  Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protect small business and public from monopolistic corporations.  16 th Amendment to support new federal agencies with funds

5.  Need for a larger government to support wars. Need for a larger government to support wars  Increase in manufacturing  Tax increases (have never fallen back to pre-war levels)  Veteran’s demands for services led to bigger government (GI Bill - Educational loans and low mortgage rates FHA loans)  Led to specifications in new home construction  Affordable middle-class housing was a new concept  New Deal and Great Society (LBJ and FDR)  Focus on Pressing Social Problems  Equal Employment Opportunity Commission  Department of Transportation  Department of Housing and Urban Development

6. Modern Bureaucracy  More than 2.7 million employees.More than 2.7 million employees  Most are selected based on merit.  Also have high-level appointees.  Wide variety of skills represented.  Less diverse than America.Less diverse than America  Scattered throughout D.C. and regional offices.regional offices  Growth of outside contractors.

7. Formal Organization  Cabinet departments handle broad, lasting issues.  Headed by secretaries.  Government corporations act like businesses.  Independent executive agencies handle services.  Narrower than Cabinet department, independent.  Independent regulatory commissions watch industry.  Designed to be free from partisan pressure.

8. Government Workers and Politics  Hatch Act sets first boundaries.  Federal Employees Political Act is current standard.Federal Employees Political Act

9. Characteristics of Bureaucracy  Chain of command from top to bottom.  Division of labor.  Clear lines of authority.  Goal orientation.  Merit system.  Productivity.

10. How the Bureaucracy Works  Congress creates agencies.  Main job is implementation of laws.  Policy made in iron triangles or issue networks.iron triangles  Increasing use of interagency councils.

11. Making Policy  Administrative discretion allows a lot of latitude.  Rule-making is a quasi-legislative process.  Formal procedure for making regulations.  Administrative adjudication is quasi-judicial process.  Used to settle disputes between two parties.

12. Agency Accountability  Unclear who agencies should be accountable to.  Presidents try to make the right appointments.  Can also shape policy through executive orders.  Congress can use oversight powers and funding.  Police patrol v. fire alarm oversight.  Judiciary can review regulations.

13. AV- Growth of Government  Back

14. Figure 9.1- Civilian Employment  Back

15. Figure 9.2- Employee Characteristics  Back

16. Figure 9.3- Agency Regions  Back

17. Figure 9.4- The Executive Branch  Back

18. Figure 9.5- An Iron Triangle  Back

19. Figure 9.6- Rulemaking  Back

20. Table 9.1- FEPA  Back

21. Table 9.2- Agency Accountability  Back