1. CHAPTER 8 The Federal Bureaucracy

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Learning Objectives
Describe the bureaucracy as part of the executive branch of government organized hierarchically with standard operating procedures for doing business
Assess the critical role that the bureaucracy plays in the implementation of federal policy
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Learning Objectives
Define “delegated authority” and apply the conditions under which such authority is granted
Distinguish the oversight function of Congress over the bureaucracy
Evaluate why Congress has provided some bureaucratic units with administrative judicatory authority
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Learning Objectives
Describe how the federal bureaucracy has evolved over time, including substantial growth spurts as a result of the New Deal and Great Society programs and the Cold War
Explain methods for attempting to control or reduce the size and scope of the federal bureaucracy through privatization, devolution, deregulation, and accountability
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Learning Objectives
Distinguish between the different types of agencies in the federal bureaucracy
Describe the large scope of the federal workforce and the civil service rules governing federal employment
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What is Bureaucracy?
Bureaucracy
Organization set up in a logical and rational manner
Purpose: accomplish specific functions
Most likely to come into direct contact with bureaucracy than any other part of government
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What is Bureaucracy?
Weber’s Six Characteristics of Effective Bureaucracies
Organized based on specialization, expertise, and division of labor
Hierarchical—chain of command
Standard operating procedures
Good record keeping—paper trail
Air of professionalism
Merit-based hiring and promotions
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8. What does the Federal Bureaucracy Do?
Most is contained within the executive branch
Executive power: to carry out, administer, and enforce specific laws
Primarily a presidential responsibility
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9. What does the Federal Bureaucracy Do?
Policy Implementation
Process of carrying out a law
Requires translating the legislation into action
Begin by developing regulations
Rules guiding the carrying out of the program/service
Published in the Federal Register
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10. What does the Federal Bureaucracy Do?
Bureaucratic Legislation
Administrative discretion
Delegated congressional power
Administrative Law
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11. What does the Federal Bureaucracy Do?
Congressional Oversight
Congress’ monitoring of bureaucratic agencies
If not satisfied with an agency’s performance Congress can
Conduct investigations
Reduce or eliminate the budget
Refuse to confirm appointments
Eliminate the agency, or establish a new agency and shift resources and powers to it
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12. What does the Federal Bureaucracy Do?
Bureaucratic Adjudication
Determining the rights and duties of particular parties within the scope of an agency’s rules
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13. The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
Washington’s presidency had three departments
Department of State
Department of Treasury
Department of War
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14. The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
Mid-1800s: Department of the Interior
1862: Department of Agriculture
1870: Department of Justice
1884: Bureau of Labor
1888: Commerce Agency
Early 1900s: Elevated to Cabinet status
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15. The Development of the Federal Bureaucracy
Events affecting growth of bureaucracy
FDR’s New Deal
Johnson’s Great Society program of the 1960s
Cold War
Many of the federal bureaucracy’s “alphabet soup” agencies were created as New Deal programs during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Pictured above are workers at one such agency, the Tennessee Valley Authority, seen here assembling a new power generator at the Cherokee Dam on the Holston River in east Tennessee.
Corbis
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16. Getting Control of the Growing Bureaucracy
Privatization
Replacing government-provided services with those provided by the private sector
Deregulation
Eliminating government oversight and regulation
Devolution
Shifting responsibility and power back to the states
“Reinventing Government”
Improved effectiveness and efficiency
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17. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Cabinet Departments
Major administrative organizations of executive branch
Headed by a secretary except for Justice Department
President Obama meets with his cabinet in the Cabinet Room at the White House. (Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images)
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The Cabinet
Departments
Department of State
Department of Labor
Department of Treasury
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Defense
Department of Transportation
Department of Justice
Department of Education
Department of the Interior
Department of Veterans Affairs
Department of Agriculture
Department of Energy
Department of Commerce
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Homeland Security
Table 8.1
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19. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
The Department of Homeland Security
Created after September 11, 2001, attacks
Reorganized 22 existing federal agencies into one cabinet department
Protect nation against threats
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20. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Independent Agencies
Not part of any executive cabinet department
Report directly to president
Narrower focus
NASA is an independent agency with a highly trained technical and scientific staff. Pictured is the NASA control room in Houston, Texas. (NASA/Getty Images)
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21. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Regulatory Agencies
Implement rules regarding conduct related to the economy
Not under direct control of the president
Created by Congress
Run by independent boards/commissions
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22. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Regulatory Agencies
The Federal Trade Commission(FTC)
The Federal Communications Commission(FCC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)
The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC)
The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)
The Consumer Product Safety Commission(CPSC)
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23. The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Government Corporations
Small units that run like private companies
Serve a public purpose
The Executive Office of the President
Staff that reports directly to the president
Managed by White House Chief of Staff
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The Federal Workforce
2.8 million civilian personnel
1.6 million U.S. military personnel
Largest employer in U.S.
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25. Change in Number of Federal Workers, Civilian and Military
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
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The Federal Workforce
Political Appointees and Career Professionals
Presidential appointees
Some require Senate confirmation
Senior Executive Service(SES)
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The Federal Workforce
The Civil Service
Majority of federal workforce
President Jackson’s massive restructuring
Spoils system
Patronage
Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
Merit system
Hatch Act of 1939
Civil Service Reform Act of 1978
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