1.What is sustainability? 2.What 2 reasons would there be for our lifestyle not to be sustainable? 3.Name the 5 stages in a product’s lifecycle 4.Name 3 non-renewable energy sources 5.Name 3 renewable materials

1.What is sustainability? 2.What 2 reasons would there be for our lifestyle not to be sustainable? 3.Name 2 Greenhouse gases 4.What is global warming? 5.Name 3 negative effects of global warning

Sustainability Meeting the needs of the present, without losing the ability to meet needs in the future. Sustainability Intro

Why would our lifestyle not be sustainable? 1.We run out of something 2.We all die

1.Name 2 Greenhouse gases 2.What is global warming? 3.Name 3 negative effects of global warning 4.Name the 5 stages of a product’s lifecycle 5.Why are these stages important when considering sustainability? 6.Name the 6R’s 7.Which of the 5 stages are removed by recycling a product? 8.Describe the 3 types of recycling 9.Explain 3 problems with recycling

VERY IMPORTANT!! DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING PRODUCT USE DISTRIBUTION PRODUCT MANUFACTURE Product Lifecycle EXTRACTION OF RAW MATERIALS

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable What do these words mean when we are talking about Sustainability?

Non-Renewable When you use it, it has gone forever Energy – Fossil fuels (Coal & Oil) – Nuclear Materials; – Metals – Plastics These things are unsustainable

Renewable When you use it, it will come back again within… 50 years

Renewable Energy – Wind – Solar – Wave Materials; – Wood (Sometimes) – Leather – Cotton and Natural fibres – Cork – Rubber – Bamboo These things are sustainable

What is a Carbon Footprint? “The amount of greenhouse gases and specifically carbon dioxide emitted by something (as a person's activities or a product's manufacture and transport) during a given period” VERY IMPORTANT!!

Why are greenhouse gases bad? They create a layer in the atmosphere that traps the Sun’s rays, these heat up the Earth and can cause very harmful effects; - Rise in sea level so land shrinks - Plants die and land becomes desert - Animals have nothing to eat and die - Weather becomes more extreme – tsunamis, hurricanes droughts etc. What makes Carbon Dioxide? BURNING STUFF!!

Why do we burn stuff? 1.To make heat In Industry – Extracting natural resources (metal), making synthetic materials (plastics) At Home – Cooking food and heating rooms and offices

Why do we burn stuff? 2. To make electricity

Why do we burn stuff? 3. To make movement In Industry – Moving products around the globe (planes, trains, lorries, boats etc.) At Home – Moving people around (cars, motorbikes, buses, trains etc.)

Why do we burn stuff? 4. To get rid of it Incineration is a main way of disposing of waste

1.Where does CO 2 come from? 2.What negative effects could there be because of global warming? 3.List 5 negatives/problems with wind turbines 4.Name the 6R’s 5.Which of the product lifecycle stages are removed due to recycling? 6.Explain 3 problems with recycling. 7.Describe the 3 different types of recycling

So what can we do? As Designers we need to think about how to reduce the carbon footprint of products and people. “How can we reduce our Carbon Footprint?”

VERY IMPORTANT!! The 6R’s Recycle Reuse Reduce Refuse Rethink Repair

Recycle Take an existing product that has become waste and reprocess the material so it can be re-used in a new product. Recycling Freerunning ad RECYCLE = REUSE A PRODUCT

The 3 types of Recycling 1. Primary – Giving/selling something you don’t use anymore to someone else to use

2.Secondary or Physical recycling – Taking waste and physically reprocessing it to form new material that can be used to make stuff 3.Tertiary or Chemical Recycling – Taking waste and chemically reprocessing it to form new material that can be used to make stuff You need to know the main materials that can be recycled by reprocessing – Plastic – Metal – Cardboard/Paper – Glass Recycling materials Recycling Advert The 3 types of Recycling

Recycling Logos This is called the Mobius loop and means; ‘this product is capable of being recycled’

Recycling Logos These logos are put on different types of plastic

Recycling Logos Glass = Put in bottle bank Recyclable Aluminium Recyclable Steel

Product made from Recycled Materials: The Jimi Wallet

Product made from Recycled Materials: The Pet Pod

It’s very difficult to recycle a product if you can’t get the materials or components it’s made from apart To help the recycling process, designers should make it easier for products to be disassembled by making components easier to take apart and made from single materials Disassembly

Positives; – Prevents carbon dioxide emitted in Extraction stage – Prevents carbon dioxide emitted in Disposal stage Negatives; – Carbon dioxide (NEVER JUST PUT ‘CARBON’ – this would be wrong!) is still emitted in reprocessing from waste to new material – Recycled material is often lower quality than virgin material – Recycling can be difficult unless products are easy to disassemble into separate materials If this happened every time someone recycled, the world would be a more sustainable place! If this happened every time someone recycled, the world would be a more sustainable place! Recycling Conclusion

1.Name 3 renewable materials 2.Name the 5 stages in a product’s lifecycle 3.Why are these stages important when considering sustainability? 4.Explain the 2 types of ‘reduce’ 5.What is built-in obsolescence? 6.What types of products are usually repaired? 7.What should we refuse? 8.Why is ‘re-think’ the most confusing of the 6R’s? 9.Why does Mr Pearce think ‘re-use’ is the best of the 6R’s?

Reduce 7% less material 97% less material! Minimise the amount of material and energy you use.

Reduce Reduce the amount of waste produced. Low quality materials and joints = breaks quickly High quality materials and joints = Lasts longer

Reduce Built-in obsolescence Designing products so they fail or become redundant after a certain amount of time Non-replaceable battery lasts 2 years A car’s engine lasts about miles (8 years before it needs new parts)

Repair When a product breaks down or doesn’t work properly, try to fix it.

What types of products are not usually repaired? If your cheap electrical goods break then it is more expensive and more hassle to get them repaired than to buy a new one

What types of products are usually repaired? Expensive items are usually repaired

Refuse Don’t use a material or buy a product if you think you don’t need it or if it’s unsustainable. Also, the exam says that designers should Refuse to use materials, energy source, materials processing which are not environmentally friendly. Or refuse to design a product which will not be environmentally friendly in use or when disposed of after use

Refuse Don’t buy things that you don’t need! Say "NO" to bottled water

Materials we should refuse to use The product may be made unnecessarily from man- made rather than natural materials Toxic chemicals may be used in the product Toxic Has the manufacturing process respected safety regulations? Have the workers been treated properly (working conditions/pay)? What packaging has been used and what are the transport distance and costs? It might not be good for you – e.g. High fat content

Rethink Ask whether we can sustain our current way of life and the way we design and make. Also, the exam says that designers should Rethink the product to use less materials, reduce energy consumption, reduce transport requirements (eg flat pack or stack ability)

Rethink How can waste created during the different stages of a product’s lifecycle be re-used? – very similar to ‘Re-use’ and ‘Primary recycling’ How and why are products used by consumers? Could this be changed so they are more sustainable?

Reuse Take an existing product that has become waste, and use the material or parts for another purpose, without processing it. This is the same as primary recycling so don’t get confused!! Printer vs. bin

Reuse Some products can be re-used for the same purpose

Reuse Some products can stay the same but be re-used with a different purpose

Reuse Some products can be changed and then re-used with a different purpose

1.Explain the 2 types of ‘reduce’ 2.What is built-in obsolescence? 3.What should we refuse? 4.What are anthropometrics? 5.Give 3 examples of designs that have been changed because of ergonomics 6.What does ETI stand for? 7.Give 5 ways a company can operate ‘ethically’. 8.What logo would you see on products that are made and sold in an ethical way? 9.COSHH…What does that stand for?

Product Analysis & the Design of Products Sustainability Theory Part 2

Social Issues (Thinking about people) Social Development – Listening to the views of others when designing products – Inclusive design = Designing products so ‘less-able’ people can use them to.

Social Issues Anthropometrics – “The measurement of humans”

Social Issues Ergonomics – Using anthropometric data to design products so they are easier and more comfortable for humans to use

Social Issues – The Design Process Basic Product Product Designer Anthropometric Data Ergonomically designed chair

Ethical Trade Initiative (ETI) This is an organisation that sets out a code of minimum requirements for working conditions. These basic rules should be used by companies all over the world to make sure their workers are treated fairly

The ETI basic code 1.Employment is freely chosen 2.Freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining are respected (trade unions) 3.Working conditions are safe and hygienic 4.Child labour shall not be used 5.Living wages are paid 6.Working hours are not excessive 7.No discrimination is practised 8.Regular employment is provided 9.No harsh or inhumane treatment is allowed

C.O.S.H.H. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health The COSHH Regulations (2002) states general requirements on employers to protect employees and other persons from the hazards of substances used at work by risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and incident planning. There are also duties on employees’ to take care of their own exposure to hazardous substances and prohibitions on the import of certain substances into the European Economic Area.

Fairtrade This UK organisation rewards companies who treat their workers fairly and produce their products ethically. They allow these companies to put the Fairtrade logo on their UK products so consumers can make a moral judgement to buy things that are made fairly.

Cultural Issues Consider and respond to needs and values of others when designing products The Indian auto market is dominated by hatchback segment cars, as more than 70% customers prefer small cars. In order to get hold of major share in this peculiar market, Ford launched a new hatch back car, the Ford Figo, with a competitive price tag and features that suited the Indian road and traffic conditions.

Cultural Issues The impact of different cultures on modern products You need to be aware that traditional manufacturing techniques and knowledge from different areas in the world can be used in modern products Rug making in Nepal

Environmental Issues Understand and be able to select materials that are both ‘suitable’ and ‘sustainable’ – Wood (if it takes less than 50 years to mature) – Cotton – Leather and Wool – Rubber – Cork – Bamboo!!

Environmental Issues You also need to know about ‘modern’ materials like potatopak or plastic made from corn.plastic made from corn. “This is plastic that can biodegrade… yay!!”

Environmental Issues You also need to know about ‘smart’ materials Smart materials react with their environment and can be changed by; Pressure Light Heat Smart material examples SMAs – Shape Memory AlloysShape Memory Alloys Photochromatic paint

1.What does ETI stand for? 2.Explain what COSHH is all about it. What does it stand for? What is it? Give examples. 3.What is a smart material? – give an example. 4.What is a fancy word for when material rots? 5.What greenhouse gas is given off in a landfill site? 6.Give 3 examples of materials that can harm the environment. 7.Explain what is meant by ‘carbon offsetting’. 8.Explain what is meant by ‘Eco-design’. 9.What kind of product would have a ‘CE’ logo on it?

“Biodegradable” Simply means an item that has the ability to break down, or decompose back into the natural environment without causing harm. For example, when a substance biodegrades into carbon dioxide, water and other naturally occurring minerals, the substance seamlessly mixes back into the earth, leaving no toxins behind. Many materials do break down in a more harmful manner, leaving chemicals or other harmful substances in the soil. In terms of environmental benefits, a biodegradable material will break down quickly, not take years, leave nothing harmful behind and save landfill space.

How long to Biodegrade? Tin Foil- Plastic Bottles – Glass Bottle - Disposable Nappies - Plastic Bag- Aluminum Can - Batteries – Leather - Wood - Cardboard Box- Orange Peel- Wool Clothing- Paper- Does not biodegrade Do not biodegrade 1 Million years years up to 500 years years 100 years up to 50 years years 4 weeks 2-5 weeks 1-5 years 2-5 months

Environmental Issues Toxic chemicals are used in lots of products at the moment, these can poison and kill plants and animals. – Bleaches Highly irritating to skin and eyes Very dangerous to aquatic life – CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons Used extensively in refrigerants, aerosols, and solvents until the 1980s when scientists realised it was a main factor in destroying the ozone layer – Toxic materials heavy metals in electronics flame retardants in furniture and clothing pesticides in food harmful chemicals in plastics

Environmental Issues Lots of companies are now trying to replace toxic materials with non-toxic ones which are better for the environment Some toxic materials need to be used as their properties cannot be matched by anything else – particularly in the electronics industry

Environmental Issues The need to dispose of redundant products and their packaging in a safe and environmentally friendly way – Toxic materials can either release nasty chemicals into the air if they’re burnt or into water systems if they are buried in landfill

Carbon Offsetting Carbon Offsetting is a method that companies can use to make up for the negative impact on the environment that their products have (the Carbon Dioxide made in the manufacture and use of products) There are a number of different ways of carbon offsetting – Contributing to ecological research – Sponsoring renewable energy schemes – Reforestation - planting new trees if you cut some down Reforestation

Environmental Issues Forest Stewardship Council- If you see the FSC logo on a product it means any trees used came from managed forests where trees are replanted (reforestation) If you see the Der Grune Punkt (THE GREEN DOT) logo on a product it means the manufacturer has given money to support recycling centres to help improve the sustainability of products.

Environmental Issues Carbon Footprint logo This symbol is placed on products to remind users not to dispose of the item in a normal wheelie bin whose contents will eventually end up as landfill.

Design Issues Identify how good design and product choice improves the quality of life

Design Issues Examine the way that designers respond to changing styles, taste, technological advances, and environmental pressures

Eco Design This involves the whole system of looking at an end product, from design to finished article, and its use of materials and energy Eco-design is the process of designing a product from scratch with the environment in mind, and trying to minimise the damage caused to the environment by the product’s life cycle. To do this designers must think through the main stages of a new product’s development in order for it to be considered eco-designed.

Eco Design Main Stages Product Planning – Market Research – Product Analysis Product Development Design Process – Specifications Functionality – What does it do? Safety Ergonomics – Easy to use Technical Issues & Requirements – Battery Life Design Aesthetics – Styling

European Eco Label This is awarded to a product that has been designed to have a smaller environmental impact than similar products. It considers materials, energy in manufacture, energy in use, and ease of disposal

European Confirmité Logo This is awarded to a product that has met the necessary European standards for quality and safety to be sold in the EU