Classification & Introduction to Animals Chapter 18 & Chapter 34

The science of naming and grouping organisms based on their similarities and evolutionary history is called ________________ taxonomy According to Aristotle, all living things could be divided into these 2 groups: Plants and animals

Which scientist developed the system of naming organisms with a genus and species name? Carolus Linnaeus Binomial nomenclature His 2 name naming system is called __________ ____________

If you remove cells from an early __________________ embryo the remaining cells can still make the whole organism. Deuterostome Protostome deuterostome Silly phrase that will help you to remember the 7 hierarchy levels in Linnaeus’s classification system. Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach. Kings play chess on fat green stools. Kids playing “chicken” on freeways get squished. You just need one to help you remember the sequence!

The scientific name for red maple is Acer rubrum. The part of its name that is the SPECIES IDENTIFIER is ________ rubrum Name the 3 germ layers that form in early embryos. endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

The top surface or back of an animal is the _____________ side. Dorsal ventral anterior posterior dorsal

Another name for the space inside an animal’s body that contains the body organs is the ___________________ coelom Which of the 6 Kingdoms will ZOOLOGY class be focusing on this year? ANIMALIA

A _____________ is a diagram used by the 6 kingdom system that shows the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms. Phylogenetic tree The correct way to write the scientific name for lion is ________ Panthera leo panthera leo Panthera Leo Panthera leo Panthera leo or Panthera leo 1 st name capitalized, 2 nd name lower case, both italicized or underlined

This diagram that uses “shared derived characters” to group organisms based on evolutionary characteristics is called a ___________ cladogram

In some organisms the _______________ in the embryo becomes the ANTERIOR END of the digestive system (mouth) in others it becomes the POSTERIOR END of the digestive system (anus). blastopore

NAME THE TYPE OF CLEAVAGE What do we call organisms with this type of cleavage? Protostomes Deuterostomes radial DEUTEROSTOMES

Name the 6 Kingdoms used to classify organisms today Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia The correct scientific name for humans is _______ ________ Homo sapiens (OR Homo sapiens)

Echinoderms (like starfish) are thought to be more closely related to vertebrates than to other invertebrates (like mollusks) because _________________________ * they have a spinal cord like vertebrates * their blastopore becomes their anus like vertebrates * they both belong to the Protist Kingdom * Echinoderms and vertebrates all have pseudocoeloms The blastopore becomes the anus in BOTH vertebrates and echinoderms. It becomes the mouth in all other invertebrates.

Name three kinds of evidence modern taxonomists might look at when classifying an organism Morphology Fossil record Embryology patterns Chromosomes (karyotype) Macromolecule sequences (DNA or amino acids in proteins)

PROTOSTOME? DEUTEROSTOME? Indeterminate radial cleavage ______________________ Determinate spiral cleavage _______________________ Blastopore becomes mouth _____________________ Blastopore becomes anus ______________________ Can’t make identical twins _______________________ Can make identical twins _______________________ Includes all vertebrates plus echinoderms __________________________ Includes all invertebrates except echinoderms ________________________ DEUTEROSTOMES PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES PROTOSTOMES

In Linnaeus’s hierarchy PHYLUM is used for animals and __________ is used when classifying plants. division The evolutionary history of an organism is called ____________ phylogeny

List the 7 levels of Linnaeus’s classification hierarchy starting with the most general Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

What is the advantage of having a true eucoelom? Animal can move body muscles without interfering with its digestion Removing cells from an ____________ embryo will result in an organism with parts missing and the organism will die. deterostome protostome protostome

These groups are: A. Levels in Linnaeus’s hierarchy B. Modern Kingdoms used to classify organisms C. Domains in the 3 Domain system D. Cladistic groups Modern KINGDOMS used to classify organisms

In most invertebrates like (mollusks, worms, & arthropods) the blastopore becomes the ________ anus mouth mouth An ______________ is an animal without a backbone. invertebrate

Which is the ONLY group of INVERTEBRATES in which the blastopore becomes the anus? Echinoderms (EX: starfish) The scientific name for lion is Panthera leo. The part of its name that tells its GENUS is ______________ Panthera

This Kingdom contains bacteria that live in hostile places like volcano vents and acidic water which scientists think are very “ancient”. Eubacteria Archaebacteria Fungi Protists archaebacteria Name one of the animal groups you learned about that are vertebrates. Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians,

Organisms are classified using the 3-DOMAIN System based on______________ Kind of ribosomes they have Body parts that come from the same embryological structures (like a bat wing and a human arm are called _____________ structures. Analogous homologous homologous

Some organisms have a body cavity with mesoderm around the outside body wall BUT NOT around the gut. They are called __________________ acoelomates pseudocoelomates coelomates pseudocoelomates

Label the 2 diagrams that show evolutionary relationships ____________________ Phylogenetic tree cladogram

SINGLE CELLED EUKARYOTES like Euglena and Amoeba belong to the kingdom ________________. Planta Animalia Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Protista Name the 3 kinds of symmetry you learned about Asymmetry, radial symmetry, & bilateral symmetry

In this picture the cougar’s _____________ end is facing you. dorsal ventral anterior posterior anterior Mushrooms, mold, and yeast belong to the Kingdom ________________. FUNGI

The bottom (underneath) side of an animal is called the ______________ side. Dorsal ventral anterior posterior ventral

Slicing this mouse down the middle results in halves that are mirror images. This kind of symmetry is called _____________ bilateral The early Greek philosopher and scientist who first grouped organisms into categories was ______________ Aristotle

Type of body in which the space around the internal organs is lined on 2 sides with mesoderm. Eucoelom OR “true coelom” Mesoderm on outside body wall AND around gut

An organism in which the blastopore becomes the mouth protostome Structures with a SIMILAR function that have a DIFFERENT embryological origin (like a bird wing and a butterfly wing) are called ___________ structures. analogous homologous analogous

In ALL VERTEBRATES and one invertebrate group (ECHINODERMS) the blastopore becomes the __________________ anus Humans have _________ symmetry. No bilateral radial bilateral

A diagram that is used to show the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms is based on a variety of evidence is called a _______________________ phylogenetic tree

An organism that has a true COELOM is called a ______________. eucoelomate OR coelomate The correct way to pronounce the word “COELOM” is Koe-lum See-lum Sell-um SEE-lum

Type of symmetry seen in jellyfish in which dividing the animal in several directions can produce equal halves. Asymmetry radial bilateral radial Images from:

Using the 3 Domain system, animals would be classified in the Domain ___________________ Eukarya Body structures that may have a similar FUNCTION and have the same embryological origins (like a bird wing and a human arm) are called ___________ structures. homologous analogous homologous

Animals (like some worms) with a type of body in which there is NO body cavity. acoelomates This depression that forms in the side of a blastula when cells move inward is called a ______________. blastopore Image from:

Rigid covering on the outside of an animals body that acts as a skeleton exoskeleton Nitrogen waste from cells can exist in several chemical forms. Name one. AMMONIA, UREA, URIC ACID

Which classification system uses this diagram to show evolutionary relationships? 6 Kingdom system

Name another way modern scientists use to classify organisms besides the 6-Kingdom system. Cladistics 3-Domain system The blastopore area in an animal embryo becomes part of THIS body system. Reproductive respiratory digestive nervous digestive

No matter which way you slice this animal, you never get 2 equal halves. It has __________ asymmetry. True OR False Organisms that share homologous structures probably have a common ancestor. TRUE Asymmetry bilateral symmetry radial symmetry

Name one way DEUTEROSTOMES are different from PROTOSTOMES PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES 1. Blastopore becomes mouth 1. Blastopore becomes anus 2. Determinate 2. Indeterminate embryonic cells embryonic cells 3. Spiral cleavage 3. Radial cleavage 4. Invertebrates except 4. Vertebrates & echinodermsechinoderms

This type of diagram using “Shared derived characters” to show evolutionary relationships is called a _______________________ cladogram

Body coverings like feathers, fur, and skin are included in this body system. Integumentary The concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of an organism is called _______________________ cephalization

Name one of the functions of a coelom Provides space for internal organs Can act as a hydrostatic skeleton Can provide space for nutrients to circulate Body system that removes nitrogen waste produced by the body cells Excretory

Which classification system uses this diagram to show evolutionary relationships? CLADISTITCS uses this one… it is called a cladogram

In a(n) ____________ circulatory system blood circulates thoroughout the body inside blood vessels closed A free swimming immature form of an organism is called a ____________ LARVA

The young of animals that show ___________ development start out looking like the adults only smaller. direct Type of circulatory system in which blood in not enclosed in vessels but circulates freely in the body space ___________ open

The young of animals that show ___________ development start out as an immature larva and undergo metamorphosis to become adults. indirect

Type of reproduction in which 1 parent copies itself without exchanging genetic material with a partner. asexual Skeleton that is located inside the body. endoskeleton

Which of the forms of nitrogen waste found in organisms is MOST TOXIC? AMMONIA Humans show __________ development. direct indirect direct

In which language are official scientific names written ? LATIN Humans show ________ fertilization. external internal internal

Animals that share ________________ structures probably have a recent common ancestor. analogous homologous homologous True OR False Digestive waste and nitrogen waste are the same thing. FALSE; they are made in different places and removed by different body systems!

2 groups used by Aristotle and Linnaeus to group organisms Plants & animals Which is a pseudocoelom? AB C C

Which of the following is a phylogenetic tree? This is a This one! This is a cladogram! Karyotype!

Classification system that groups organisms based on the kind of ribosomes they have ______________________ Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on “shared derived characters” ______________________ Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on multiple kinds of evidence such as fossils, morphology, embryology, chromosomes, and macromolecules __________________ 3 Domain system Cladistics 6 Kingdom system

Match the organisms with their KINGDOMS Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs _________________ (frogs, starfish, worms, lions, humans) Multicellular heterotrophs that ____________________ absorb nutrients instead of eating (yeast, mushrooms, mold, mildew) “ancient bacteria” that live in very harsh environments ______________________ True bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes) ______________________ Green plants (multicellular autotrophs) ______________________ Single celled Eukaryotes (Euglena, Amoeba) __________________ ANIMALIA FUNGI ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA PLANTAE PROTISTA

NAME THE TYPE OF CLEAVAGE What do we call organisms with this type of cleavage? Protostomes Deuterostomes PROTOSTOMES SPIRAL

Label the directions A.__________________ ___________________ C D_______________ __________________B DORSAL POSTERIOR VENTRAL ANTERIOR

Body system that provides support and protection ______________________ Body system that makes hormones which control other body systems ________________ Body system that deals with what covers the animal __________________ skeletal endocrine integumentary

NAME THE TYPE OF COELOM Eucoelom AcoelomPseudocoelom Images from:

Which of the following is a cladogram? This is a This is a This is a cladogram!phylogenetic Karyotype! tree

PRACTICE VOCAB: Joining of an egg & sperm inside the female’s body ____________________ Kind of development in which offspring are born/hatch looking like their parents only smaller____________________ Kind of circulatory system in which blood is contained inside vessels __________________ An organism’s evolutionary history __________________ Internal fertilization Direct development closed phylogeny

PRACTICE VOCAB: Organism with a backbone ____________________ Organism with determinate spiral cleavage whose blastopore becomes its mouth ____________________ A eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organism with specialized cells that contain DNA which can move __________________ and reproduce Organism made of cells with nuclei and membrane bound organelles __________________ vertebrate protostome animal eukaryote

PRACTICE VOCAB: Joining of an egg & sperm outside the female’s body ____________________ Kind of development in which offspring hatch as larva and must____________________ undergo metamorphosis to become adults Kind of circulatory system in which blood is NOT contained in vessels __________________ and flows loose inside the coelom Branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and phylogeny ______________________ External fertilization Indirect development open taxonomy

PRACTICE VOCAB: Organism without a backbone ____________________ Organism with indeterminate radial cleavage whose blastopore becomes its anus ____________________ Organism that must get nutrients by consuming other organisms __________________ Organism made of cells WITHOUT nuclei OR membrane bound organelles __________________ invertebrate deuterostome heterotroph prokaryote

PRACTICE VOCAB: A hollow ball of cells formed when a zygote undergoes repeated mitosis ________________________ In animals, the arrangement of body parts around a central axis ______________________ An ancestry diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms based on “shared derived characters” __________________ blastula Radial symmetry cladogram

PRACTICE VOCAB: A skeleton found on the outside of an animal’s body __________________ Cleavage pattern in which cells twist as they divide and decide early what they will become ____________________ Any eukaryotic heterotrophic multicellular organism made of specialized cells that contain DNA which can move and reproduce _________________ exoskeleton Determinate spiral cleavage animal

Classification system that groups organisms based on the kind of ribosomes they have ______________________ Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on “shared derived characters” ______________________ Classification system that groups organisms and shows evolutionary relationships based on multiple kinds of evidence such as fossils, morphology, embryology, chromosomes, and macromolecules __________________ 3 Domain system Cladistics 6 Kingdom system

Type of coelom in which there is NO space and mesoderm fills the area between ectoderm ____________________ and endoderm Type of coelom in which mesoderm is found lining the outside body wall and surrounding the gut __________________ Type of coelom in which mesoderm lines the outside body wall but is NOT found around the gut ____________________ Acoelom eucoelom pseudocoelom

PRACTICE VOCAB: Body cavity (space) formed within the mesoderm that surrounds the internal organs ____________________ Specific layer of cells in an embryo from which specific organ systems develop____________________ Outside body covering in an animal __________________ Embryonic layer of cells that gives to muscles and to interior body linings __________________ coelom Germ layer integument mesoderm

PRACTICE VOCAB: The concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in the anterior end of an animal ____________________ In animals the body plan where the left and right sides are mirror images of each other____________________ The system of naming organisms that uses a 2 part scientific name (genus & species indentifier) __________________ Depression formed when the cells of a blastula move inward __________________ cephalization Bilateral symmetry Binomial nomenclature blastopore

A system of phylogenetic classification using shared derived characters and the _____________________ recency of ancestry to group organisms The study of the internal and external structure and form of an organism ____________________ A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among _____________________ organisms Waste produced in body cells by the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids ________________ and handled by the excretory system cladistics morphology Phylogenetic tree Nitrogen waste

Body system for removing nitrogen waste ____________________ Body system for transporting nutrients and oxygen around in body ____________________ Body system that exchanges gases with the environment __________________ Body system that maintains the balance of water/ions (osmoregulation) __________________ excretory circulatory respiratory excretory

Body system for receiving info about the environment and responding ________________ Body system for obtaining nutrients ____________________ Body system that produces offspring __________________ Body system that moves the whole organism or is found in the walls of body organs to move substances __________________ nervous digestive reproductive muscular

Body system that provides support and protection ______________________ Body system that makes hormones which control other body systems ________________ Body system that deals with what covers the animal __________________ Type of cleavage pattern in which dells stack on top of each other and decide later on what they will become ______________ skeletal endocrine integumentary Indeterminate radial cleavage

Label the directions A.__________________ ___________________ C D_______________ __________________B DORSAL ANTERIOR VENTRAL POSTERIOR Animation from:

NAME THE TYPE OF COELOM Pseudocoelom Eucoelom Acoelom Images from:

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