1. Chapter 8-9 Intro to Animals
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2. Zoology
Definition: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals

3. Biological Classification
The science of classifying living things is called taxonomy.
Charles Linneaus developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name.

4. Biological Classification
All living things are classified in the following taxa (groups):
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

5. Biological Classification
There are six kingdoms, but Zoology is based upon only Kingdom Animalia.
Kingdom Animalia is divided into 9 major Phyla (Phylum—singular).
Each Phylum is then divided into Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

7. Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria
Worms
Mollusks
Echinoderms Arthropods

8. Animals Vertebrates- Animals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles
Birds Mammals

9. Animal Groups
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10. Characteristics of ALL Animals:
EUKARYOTES
Are ____________________
cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles
2. Are ____________________
get food from consuming other organisms
3. Are ____________________
made of many cells
4. Show __________________
different kinds of cells do different jobs
HETEROTROPHIC
MULTICELLULAR
SPECIALIZATION

11. Characteristics of ALL Animals:
MOVE
5. _____________ (at some point in life cycle)
for food, find mates, escape danger
Contain _____________
which carries the genetic code
7. ____________________
Make offspring
Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual)
DNA
REPRODUCE

12. Advantages of Being Multicellular
The organism can be larger
Cell differentiation—different cells perform different functions so bodies can be more efficient
The organism can be more complex—better movement, higher functioning

13. 10 Body Systems : INTEGUMENTARY 1. _____________________
OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers)
INTEGUMENTARY
Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss
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Frog image from:
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14. 10 Body Systems : DIGESTIVE 2. _________________ Breaks down food to
obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste
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15. NO OPENINGS: Food enters through skin

16. Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening
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Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

17. FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)
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Two openings:
FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

18. Two openings: Most efficient
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Two openings: Most efficient
If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization
(Different parts can start to do different jobs)

19. 10 Body Systems : CIRCULATORY 3. __________________
Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells
Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells
Circulatory fluid can be:
inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______
CIRCULATORY
CLOSED
OPEN
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20. 10 Body Systems : RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment
4. ___________________
RESPIRATORY
Exchange gases with the
environment
take in oxygen
get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia)
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21. 10 Body Systems : Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
5. ___________________
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance
(_________________________)
EXCRETORY
OSMOREGULATION

22. NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID
_________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute
_________________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia)
_________________ LEAST TOXIC
Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)
UREA
URIC ACID

23.
NITROGEN WASTE

24. ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE WASTE
NITROGEN WASTE
WHERE ITS MADE?
Body system used?
In what form?
made by cells from break down of proteins
left over from undigested food
Handled by digestive system
Handled by
excretory system
Feces (poop)
ammonia, urea, or uric acid

25. 10 Body Systems : SKELETAL 6. ___________________
Framework to support body/protection
Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________
ENDOSKELETON
EXOSKELETON
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26. 10 Body Systems : MUSCULAR 7. _______________
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MUSCULAR
7. _______________
Locomotion- move body itself OR
move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels)

27. 10 Body Systems :
8. _____________________ - Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________
REPRODUCTIVE
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_____________________________
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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Planaria animation:

28. 10 Body Systems : INDIRECT
______________ DEVELOPMENT immature LARVA looks different than adult
__________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions of adults
Metamorphosis image from:
Frog image from:
DIRECT
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29. External fertilization
Sperm and egg join
outside female’s body = ___________________
inside female’s body = ____________________
External fertilization
Internal fertilization
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30. NERVOUS 9. ___________________
Receive sensory info about environment &
send response signals
NERVOUS

31. Make hormones that regulate other body systems
ENDOCRINE
10. __________________
Make hormones that regulate other body systems
(only in higher animals)
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32. Types of Symmetry
No symmetry
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry

33. ___________________ No symmetry
ASYMMETRY
___________________ No symmetry
Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves.
Example: Sponge
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34. _______ Symmetry Radial Get 2 identical halves in several directions.
Jelly fish image:
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Get 2 identical halves in several directions.

35. Bilateral ___________ Symmetry
If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images
BUT only divides equally in ONE direction
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36. ________________ CEPHALIZATION
Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)

37. Which way is up? DORSAL (top) ANTERIOR head end POSTERIOR tail end
VENTRAL (underneath)
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38. Planes of Symmetry

39. EMBRYOLOGY Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
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Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
What do embryos look like as they divide?
When do cells decide what they will be?

40. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Becomes digestive system
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41. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
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42. What do embryos look like as they divide?
SPIRAL
RADIAL
CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE
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43. When do cells decide what they will become?
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44. DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE Cells decide early Cells decide later
Removing cell causes death
Removing cell OK
DETERMINATE
INDETERMINATE
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45. THAT’S WHERE TWINS
COME FROM!

46. ANIMALS DEUTEROSTOMES PROTOSTOMES Blastopore becomes ANUS
Blastopore becomes MOUTH
Decide later (INDETERMINATE)
Decide very early (DETERMINATE)
RADIAL cleavage
SPIRAL cleavage
ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) plus ECHINODERMS
ALL INVERTEBRATES except ECHINODERMS

47. EMBRYOLOGY Echinoderms are the “exception to the rule”!
__________________
are the “exception to the rule”!
They are INVERTEBRATES but their embryos act like
_________________________
Echinoderms
DEUTEROSTOMES
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48. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Becomes digestive system
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49. All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their embryos
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Digestive system, respiratory
Muscle, excretory, bones,
circulatory
Outer skin, brain, nervous system

50. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
No cavity (space) around organs
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ACOELOM = “without space”

51. FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

52. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (mesoderm lines body wall BUT NOT around gut)
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PSEUDOCOELOM

53. ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

54. Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums)
EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm
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EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

55. EUCOELOMATES ALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES
ALL ANIMALS you will dissect this year are EUCOELOMATES!

56. 3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm
endoderm
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57. Advantages of having a COELOM (body space):
Provides space for internal organs
In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton
In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

58. WHY is a EUCOELOM the best?
Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time.
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59. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

60. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION)
Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera
Phyla
Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants

61. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to identify structures and function relationships within major

62. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
PROFICIENT level:
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;
BASIC level
recognize that different structures perform different functions;
define homeostasis

63. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

64. SOURCES
Anemone from:
Snail from:
Crab from:
 Clam from:
Ant from:

65. Millipede from:
Starfish from:
Jellyfish from:

66. Tree frog: http://www. dynamicearth. co. uk/education/images/tree_frog
Turtle:
Bird:
Fish from:
Orangutan:

67. Earthworm : http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29.
4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg
Starfish from:
Snail from:
Crab from:

68. All images on this page from: