1. Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

2. TAXONOMY
_______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?
CHARACTERISTICS
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

3. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago.
(300 B.C.)
ARISTOTLE
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4. Aristotle’s system PLANTS: ANIMALS: Based on size of stem
By: Riedell
PLANTS:
ANIMALS:
Based on size of stem
Based on where they lived

5. Problems? Ex: Bacteria Fungi
1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s groups (plants or animals)
Ex: Bacteria Fungi
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6. Problems? Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is!
2. Common names can be misleading
Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish,
but a seahorse is!
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Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!
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7. Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place
Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal
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8. Problems?
4. Same organisms have different names in different countries.
Chipmunk
Streifenhornchen (German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada (Spanish)
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9. Solution?
Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN.
RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

10. PROBLEMS? RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis
“oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles”
PROBLEMS?
Names too hard and long to remember!
Names don’t show relationships between different animals

11. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!
Devised a new classification system based on _________________
(Organism’s form and structure)
MORPHOLOGY
( )
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12. Linnaeus’s System HIERARCHY Grouped in a _____________
of 7 different levels
Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________
SCIENTIFIC NAME

13. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

14. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

15. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
leo

16. Kidspiration by Riedell

17. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name naming system)
1st name = _______________
Always capitalized
GENUS NAME
SPECIES IDENTIFIER
2nd name = _________________
Always lower case
Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.
UNDERLINED
ITALICS

18. Binomial Nomenclature
Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus
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Eastern chipmunk
Tamias striatus
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19. Binomial nomenclature
Humans
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
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20. So what do we use now? MODERN TAXONOMY Still use Linnaeus’s system:
but we have added more _____________
KINGDOMS
Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.

21. Modern Taxonomy
Kidspiration by Riedell

22. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of Evolution
_________________
Evolution

23. MODERN TAXONOMY Scientists use different kinds of info
to classify organisms:
______________________
Fossil record
Morphology
Embryology
Chromosomes
Macromolecules (DNA & proteins)

24. 1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________
We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record.
Evolutionary history = _____________
PHYLOGENY

25. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function
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26. MORPHOLOGY Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.
same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function)
EX: __________________________
Bat wing & human arm
Homologous characteristics suggest a
_____________________.
Recent common ancestor

27. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
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Bat wing
and human arm
develop from same embryonic structures

28. MORPHOLOGY
______________ characteristics: may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin
EX: _______________________
ANALOGOUS
Bird wing & butterfly wing
ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately. Organisms ________________________.
NOT CLOSELY RELATED

29. have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside.
ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES
Bird wing and
butterfly wing
have evolved with similar function
BUT
different structure
inside.
Insects and birds NOT closely related!

30. 3. EMBRYOLOGY
Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related
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31. 4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships.
Human:
Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

32. 5. MACROMOLECULES
Compare molecules like _________________ _________________
Organisms with similar sequences are
probably more closely related.
PROTEINS (amino acids)
DNA
See page

34. So what do we use now?
_________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence
6 KINGDOMS
Eubacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

35. 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM
These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a
_______________________
PHYLOGENETIC TREE
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36. So what do we use now? _____________ CLADISTICS
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:
_____________
CLADISTICS
Shows evolutionary relationships based on:
_____________________________
“shared derived characters”

37. CLADISTICS
Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________
CLADOGRAM
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38. So what do we use now? 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM Group organisms based on the
OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:
3 DOMAIN SYSTEM
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Group organisms based on the
kind of ______________ they have
RIBOSOMES

39. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

40. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION)
Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera
Phyla
Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants

41. Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors
High school students performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
construct an original dichotomous key.
PROFICIENT level:
tell how DNA determines protein formation;
classify organisms using a dichotomous key.
describe the relationship between structure and function
BASIC level
recognize that different structures perform different functions;
identify DNA as the structure that carries the genetic code
Know the purpose of a dichotomous key

42. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.3A. Students are able to explain how gene expression regulates cell growth and differentiation. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples:
Tissue formation Development of new cells from original stem cells
9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS)
Examples: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

43. Kidspiration by Riedell Image sources: see end of show

44. Image Sources http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html