1. Classification of Living Things Chapter 18 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

2. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their ____________________ (Shape and structure) Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? _____________ (Evolutionary history) How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

3. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ (Shape and structure) Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers? __________________________ (Evolutionary history) How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

4. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________ more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

5. Aristotle’s system Based on size of stem _____________ Based on where they lived _____________ By: Riedell

6. Problems? 1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s 2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg

7. Problems? 2. Common names can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

8. Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

9. Problems? 4. Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

10. Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

11. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles ” Names don’t show relationships between different animals

12. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

13. Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________

14. Kidspiration by Riedell Source: see end of show

15. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach

16. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

17. Kidspiration by Riedell

18. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name naming system) 1 st name = _______________ –Always capitalized 2 nd name = _________________ –Always lower case Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

19. Binomial Nomenclature Vampire bat Desmodus rotundus Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

20. Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

21. So what do we use now? Still use Linnaeus’s system: but we have added more _____________ Remember: Linnaeus only had 2. MODERN TAXONOMY

22. Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

23. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

24. MODERN TAXONOMY Scientists use different kinds of info to classify organisms: 1.______________________ 2.______________________ 3.______________________ 4.______________________ 5.______________________

25. 1. FOSSIL RECORD Evolutionary history = _____________ We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

26. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

27. MORPHOLOGY _________________ characteristics: same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________ Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.

28. Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

29. MORPHOLOGY ANALOGOUS ______________ characteristics: may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin EX: _______________________ ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately. Organisms ________________________.

30. Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. Insects and birds NOT closely related! ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

31. amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg Even differences show relatedness

32. 3. EMBRYOLOGY Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related

33. 4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science, published by Kendall/Hunt.

34. Even differences show relatedness Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science, published by Kendall/Hunt. Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have.

35. ____________________ All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication. http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html TELOMERES IN MIDDLE

36. 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE... suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm → → →

37. _________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region... suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. Which chromosomes? http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm → EXTRA CENTROMERE

38. ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm BANDING PATTERN MATCHES

39. 5. MACROMOLECULES Compare molecules like _________________ _________________ Organisms with similar sequences are probably more closely related. See page 334-335

41. So what do we use now? _________________- based on multiple kinds of evidence 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria ArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia Shows evolutionary relationships based on: Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

42. 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a _____________________ Image from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

43. So what do we use now? _____________ Shows evolutionary relationships based on: _____________________________ OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM:

44. CLADISTICS Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________ Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

45. 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM Group organisms based on the kind of ______________ they have EubacteriaArchaebacteriaProtistaPlantaeFungiAnimalia Bacteria Archaea Eukarya OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: So what do we use now?