Nutrition Dr. Pramila Kudva

Need for nutrition Growth Repair & Maintenance Protection Energy

Energy giving Food Carbohydrates Fats Body building Food Proteins Protective Food Vitamins Minerals Water Classes of Food

Balanced diet A diet which contains all nutrients in adequate amounts for growth, are pair and regulation of various processes is called Balanced diet.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates - Sugars Simple /Single Sugars – Monosaccharide C 6 H 12 O 6 Double Sugars – Disaccharides – require digestion – C 12 H 22 O 11 Glucose - Common & simplest sugar [ Blood sugar refers to glucose in the blood] Fructose – fruit sugar Galactose – found in milk Sucrose – Commercial sugar, obtained from sugar cane, Beetroot, It is made up of glucose and fructose Maltose – Malt sugar made up of two glucose molecules Lactose – milk sugar made up of glucose and galactose

Carbohydrates - Starch Plants normally store carbohydrates in this form e.g. Potatoes & grains – Rice, Wheat, barley Animals store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles This is an insoluble carbohydrate (C 6 H 10 O 5 )n - Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates - Cellulose Found in cell walls, Found in fruits, vegetables, Half crushed wheat [Dalia] Provides roughage Non-digestible by humans Role of roughage Prevents constipation Makes movement of undigested food easier along the intestine Stimulates the muscle contractions in the intestinal wall

Functions of carbohydrates It is the main source of energy. One molecule of glucose gives abut 4.1 Kcal of energy. Reserve energy- is stored in the form of glycogen and fats Genetic importance – Ribose and de-oxyribose sugars are found in RNA & DNA Lactose facilitates absorption of Calcium Cellulose helps in elimination of waste products Glucose is the only source of energy for the Central Nervous System

Fats [Lipids] Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids. They are solids at room temp. Found in animal products Contains bad cholesterol - LDL They have melting points higher than room temperature. Eg. Butter

Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids. They are liquids at room temperature. Fats [Lipids] contd.. Their melting points are less than the room temperature. E.g. Mustard oil, ground nut Oil, Sunflower oil.

Fats - contd Sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats - Avocados, olive oil, corn oil, safflower oil These reduce LDL cholesterol (bad) and maintain HDL (good) cholesterol

Functions of fats Richest source of energy Important form of storage of food. Acts as a solvent for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. Subcutaneous Fat works as an insulator. Stored fat works as reserve energy. Fats also help in the synthesis of Vitamin D.

Proteins Contain C, H, O & N Some proteins may also contain P & S. Simple & smaller units of proteins are Amino acids Functions: Proteins are essential for growth & repair of cells. In an emergency they are oxidized to release energy Severe deficiency leads to Kwashiorkor & Marasmus

Malnutrition is defined as physical condition of a person resulting from inadequate diet or inability to metabolize the nutrients. Under nutrition Over nutrition Imbalanced diet

Kwashiorkor Marasmus Deficiency Diseases Kwashiorkor - Derived from Ghanian word which means la sickness baby gets when a new one arrives Marasmus - adapted from a Greek word meaning withering -

KwashiorkorMarasmus Affects children 1-5 years of age Affects infants up to 1 year of age Due to deficiency of proteinsDue to deficiency of proteins, fats & carbohydrates Oedema of legs & faceNo oedema The skin of patient becomes dark & scaly No darkening of skin No degeneration of musclesDegeneration of muscles Has vomiting and diarrhea.Retarded physical & mental growth Treated with protein rich dietTreated with protein and carbohydrate diet

Supplements Minerals & Vitamins

MineralSourceFunctionsDeficiency CalciumDairy productsBone building Clotting of blood Rickets & Osteomalacia SodiumTable saltRegulates acid base equilibrium Muscular cramps, Nerve impulses do not get transmitted PotassiumBanana, citrus fruit, Potato Nerve & muscle activityNerve impulses do not get transmitted PhosphorousDairy productsSynthesis of nucleic acid, ATP, muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulse Soft bones IronWhole cereals, fish, nuts, egg yolk, liver Green leafy vegetables Synthesis of haemoglobin – oxidation & reduction reactions Anaemia IodineIodized salt, sea foodFunctioning of ThyroxinGoitre & cretinism – poor mental & physical growth

Vitamin sSourceFunctionsDeficiency A - RetinolButter, egg yolk, milk, Fish liver oils, carrots Growth, resists infection of skin & mucous membranes, Component of retinal cells Night blindness, Xerophthlamia – dryness of cornea & ulceration D - CalciferolFish liver oils, milk, eggs, produced by UV rays in the skin Helps the body to use Calcium & phosphorous to form bones & teeth Rickets in children Osteomalacia in adults E – TocopherolMeat, milk, whole wheat Prevents oxidation of Vitamin A K - Phylloquinone Leafy vegetables – cabbage, spinach, Also synthesized in the intestines Normal clotting of the blood Haemorrhage – delay in clotting time C – Ascorbic Acid Fresh citrus fruits, tomatoes, germinating seeds Promotes functioning of capillary walls Scurvy – bleeding gums, loosening of teeth

OsteomalaciaRickets caused by the deficiency of vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus. Lack of vitamin D prevents absorption of Calcium and Phosphorous. Found in adultsFound in children bone pains and muscle weakness are the classical symptoms. Fractures can occur. soft bones which bend and become either knock knees or bow legs. If the chest bones are affected, it forms pigeon chest. It may also result in loss of teeth enamel and bending of spine. Rickets also results in growth retardation.

Night BlindnessXerophthalamia Nightblindness can be an early sign of vitamin A deficiency. Xerophthalmia is a more serious eye disease caused by a lack of vitamin A, and can occur if nightblindness is not treated. Night blindness is the difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim light. Affected individuals are unable to distinguish images in low levels of illumination. Xerophthalmia means dryness of the eye in which eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by a deficiency in Vitamin A although there may be other causes. If not treated, the cornea can become cloudy and foamy spots (Bitot's spots) and ulcers can form on its surface (keratomalacia), leading to scarring and damage.

Goitre

Vitamin BSourcesFunctionsDeficiency B1 - Thiamine Whole grain, liver, milk, lean meat Increases growth and appetite, Helps in digestion & functioning of nervous system Beriberi – inflammatory changes of the nerves Muscles become weak B2 - Riboflavin Eggs, Liver, Milk, Yeast, green vegetables Regulates oxidation of food Irritation in the eyes, Intestinal disorders, inflammation of the tongue B3 - NiacinLean meat, milk, liver, eggs, ground nuts, whole grains Promotes health of the skin & nervous system Pellagra, dermatitis, Loss of memory, Diarrhoea, fatigue, loss of co-ordination B 12 – Cobalamine Liver, milk, cereals, pulses Normal functioning of red blood cells Pernicious anaemia – gastrointestinal disturbance, spinal cord problems

Beri-beriPellagra Deficiency of Vitamin B1deficiency of vitamin B4 or niacin Symptoms: Swelling of legs, extreme weakness, headache, dizziness, palpitations and loss of appetite. Has 3 Ds – Dry skin, diarrhea, Dementia [loss of memory] Diet to be rich in groundnuts, pulses, fruits and unpolished rice Diet with mostly Maize interferes with the absorption of Vitamin B 4.

Water Acts as a solvent Used to produce digestive juices Used in the transportation of food and Oxygen through out the body Used in the excretion of soluble waste Involved in the maintenance of body temperature

Basal Metabolic Rate BMR is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Influencing factors: Body composition Age Weight Gender Body surface area Endocrine glands