Intro to Culture * Concepts of Culture Schools of Thought Cultural Hearths Cultural Diffusion Acculturation Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism Cultural Differences Popular and Folk Culture * Folk Culture Popular Culture Cultural Landscapes and Identity Language Intro to Language Language families, Languages, and dialects. Language Barriers Toponymy Religion * Intro to Religion Universalizing Religions Ethnic Religions Spatial Impact of Religions * You can find part one of AP® Human Geography: Unit 3 at Part 3 will be available soon!

Unit 3: Part 2 Outline Intro to Language Indo- European The English Language

Part 1: Intro to Language

Language Introduction to Language Linguistic Geography Categorizing Language

Section A: What is Language

Language is a system of communication that uses signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds to communicate thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

What is the purpose of language?

Gives us the ability to communicate.

Allows us to teach new skills.

Provides us tools to transmit culture.

Create a context-sentence using the following words: Language, Diffusion, Culture Create a context-sentence using the following words: Language, Diffusion, Culture

Is this Language?

How do languages differ?

Differences In Language Writing Direction Alphabets Allowable Sounds Grammar

Section B: Linguistic Geography

What is Linguistic Geography?

. Linguistic Geography is the study of speech areas and their local variations.

Interesting Facts about Language:

There are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world.

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the mother tongue or second language of about half of the world's population

Approximately 80% of languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people.

Approximately 50 languages are only spoken by one person.

How do we track the history of language?

Spatial Interaction between speakers break down causing new words to develop. British/Americans Language breaks into dialects and then into new tongues. Language Divergence Two languages become one because of close spatial interaction. This can also cause Language extinction Language Convergence We track languages by looking at language divergence and convergence.

Albanian: kryqkryq Aromanian: crutsecrutse Catalan: creucreu Dalmatian: crauccrauc English: crux, crucialcruxcrucial French: croixcroix Galician: cruzcruz German: KreuzKreuz Italian: crocecroce Occitan: crotzcrotz Old Portuguese: cruzcruz Portuguese: cruzcruz Romanian: crucecruce Romansch: crusch, crouschcruschcrousch Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxicruchecrugicruxigruche grughegruxi Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑жkrȋžкри̑ж Spanish: cruzcruz Venetian: cróxecróxe Latin: Crux We can tell what languages played part in the development of others.

Section C: Categorizing Language

How do we categorize languages?

Language Families Languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin. Languages Culturally Defined. Standard Languages are those recognized by people for use in schools, government, media, and general use. Dialects Regional Variants of a Standard Language.

What does the map above reveal about the diffusion of language?

Language families by speakers. Language FamilyApprox. # of Speakers% of Pop 1. Indo-European billion 44.78% 2. Sino-Tibetan billion 22.28% 3. Niger-Congo 358 million 6.26% 4. Afro-Asiatic 340 million 5.93% 5. Austronesian 312 million 5.45% 6. Dravidian 222 million 3.87% 7. Altaic 145 million 2.53% 8. Japanese 123 million 2.16% 9. Austro-Asiatic 101 million 1.77% 10. Tai-Kadai 78 million 1.37%

List the following languages in order of greatest to least based on number of native speakers: Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Standard German List the following languages in order of greatest to least based on number of native speakers: Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Standard German

Commonly spoken languages by native speakers. Language % of Pop 1. Mandarin Chinese12.44% 2. Spanish4.85% 3. English 4.83% 4. Arabic 3.25% 5. Hindi2.68% 6. Bengali 2.66% 7. Portuguese 2.62% 8. Russian 2.12% 9. Japanese 1.8% 10. Standard German 1.33%

Part 2: Indo-European

Indo European What is Indo European The Indo- Iranian Branch The European Branch

Section A: What is Indo European?

Indo- European is the language family spoken by 46% of the world’s population.

Where did Indo-European originate?

Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Developed by Colin Renfew Also called the “Renfew Hypothesis” Indo-European started in the Fertile Crescent. Language diffused peacefully through agricultural trade.

Kurgan Migration Nomadic Warrior Thesis Developed by Marinja Gimbutas Also called the “Conquest Theory” Indo-European began in the vicinity of Russia. Kurgan Warriors brought the language with them as they conquered other areas.

Section B: The Indo-Iranian Branch

Indo- Iranian Indic: Hindi 15 Others Iranian FarsiPashtoKurdish

The Iranian Languages Green - Farsi Purple – Pashto Turquoise – Kurdish Red – Lurish Yellow - Baloch

The Indian Languages

Hypothesize: Why would people in the same country speak so many different languages?

What is Linguistic Fragmentation?

Linguistic Fragmentation occurs when people in a country speak many different languages. This is often caused by physical or cultural barriers.

Papua, New Guinea has over 850 languages making it the most linguistically diverse place on earth.

Predict: How would people in a linguistically diverse country have a central government?

Many countries that experience linguistic fragmentation also have an official language. India’s official language is English.

What is an official language?

An official language is the language used by the government when making laws, reports, public objects, money, and stamps.

Why would India’s official language be English?

Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only spoken by 5% of the Population An official language is not always the majority language of an area.

Example: Switzerland has Four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch Some countries have more than one official language.

Section B: The European Branch

Romance Languages FrenchSpanishItalianRomanianPortuguese Germanic Languages English,German,Danish,NorwegianSwedish Slavic Languages RussianPolishCzechUkrainianSlovenianSerbo-Croatian

Basque is a language isolate.

What is a language isolate?

A language isolate is a language that is not related to any other language around it. They are like a language family of only one language.

Part 3: The English Language

The English Language The Origins of English Diffusion of English American English English as a Global Lingua Franca Toponymy

Section A: The Origins of English

Review: What language family and language branch is English a part of?

The Origins of the English Language

English Germanic Tribes Latin Old Norse Norman French Celtic Tribes Where did English come from?

Old English 450CE-1100CE450CE-1100CE Middle English 1100CE – 1470-CE1100CE – 1470-CE Modern English 1470CE – 1650CE1470CE – 1650CE

The Lord’s Prayer in Old English Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum; Si þin nama gehalgod to becume þin rice gewurþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice

Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris; and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere us fro yuel. The Lord’s Prayer in Middle English

Section B: The Diffusion of English

Map of Great Britain and its Colonies

Connect: What types of diffusion may explain the movement of English from place to place. Explain.

BritainBritish ColoniesUnited States United States Annexes (Philippines) The Diffusion of English

Hypothesize: Does English sound the same wherever it is spoken?

The English Language: Dialects

What is a dialect?

A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Section C: American English

Differences between British and American English Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals, etcetera. New animals, for example, were given Native American Names. As new inventions appeared they received different names. Vocabulary Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity. Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda Spelling Largely explained by distance and time. Pronunciation

Engage: How does the English language differ within the United States?

What is an isogloss?

An isogloss is a geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.

Isoglosses in the United States

East Coast Isoglosses NorthernMidlandsSouthern

Predict: How has Mass Media and the Internet affected the English language?

Section D: English as a Global Lingua Franca

What is a Lingua Franca?

A Lingua Franca is a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing an original language.

Predict: What systems of communication are largely dominated by English?

Systems that Use English The Internet ESL Global Commerce

Countries with English as their official or dominant language.

Many areas do not learn full English but a Pidgin.

What is a pidgin?

A Pidgin is a simplified version of a language.

Debate: Would text-speak be considered a Pidgin?

A pidgin that becomes the major language of a people is called a creole language.

Section D: Toponymy

What is toponymy?

Toponymy is the study of place names. It can often show us historical concepts long after the event has happened or person has died.

Toponyms can show us: The History of a Place – Colonization Most Brazilian Toponyms are Portuguese French Toponyms in Louisiana The Culture of a People – George Washington Bridge, – Martin Luther King Blvd, – Jacksonville, Florida

Descriptive Toponyms - The Rocky Mountains

Associative Toponyms - Pensacola Beach, Florida

Commemorative Toponyms - New York City, New York

Manufactured Toponyms - Truth and Consequences, New Mexico

Incident Toponyms - Battle Creek, Michigan

Possessive Toponyms - Johnson City, Texas