2. 1. Anglo America Language: English Religion: Protestant (Christian)

4. 2. Latin America Language: Spanish Religion: Catholicism

6. 3. Western Europe Language: Indo-European – Germanic: German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, Norwegian – Romance: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian Religion: – Germanic: Protestant – Romance: Catholic

8. 4. Eastern Europe Language: Slavic Religion: Orthodox Christianity

10. 5. East Asia Language family: Sino-Tibetan Religion: Ethnic Religions (Confucianism/Taoism); Buddhism

12. 6. SE Asia Language: SE Asian Family – Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Austro-Asiatic Religion: Buddhism/Islam

14. 7. South Asia Language: Indic Religion: Hindu/Islam

16. 8. Middle East Language: Arabic Religion: Islam

18. 9. Sub-Saharan Africa Language: Niger-Congo Religion: Animism/Christianity

20. 10. South Pacific/Oceania Language: English Religion: Protestant

21. What is Culture? Is it biological? Or is it learned? Customary beliefs (Mentifacts) Social Forms (Mentifacts) Material Traits (Material culture/Artifacts) Material Culture/Artifacts Buildings Tools Clothing Art/Music Food Mentifacts Language Religion Ethnicity Values Beliefs

22. Thoughts on Culture Environmental Determinism: Shaped by the environment – Similar environments = similar cultures Possibilism: people can adjust to environment – Creates many possibilities for culture Cultural/Environmental Perception: culture shaped by perception of environment – Shaped by the teachings of culture Cultural Determinism: Culture > Environment – Humans determine the scope of the environment

23. Differences between Folk & Popular Culture Folk Small groups Isolated Homogenous Rural areas Hearth: usually unknown Diffusion: slow Popular Large groups Connected (share common habits...) Heterogeneous (...despite differences in personal characteristics) Urban areas Hearth: MDCs Diffusion: rapid

24. IdeogramsPhonetics Characters represent ideas Characters represent sounds – Alphabet Ours comes from the Roman alphabet, which derives from the Greek alphabet Written Language

25. Language Classification 1.Language Families 2.Language Branches 3.Language Groups 4.Languages 5.Dialects 6.Accents

26. Language Families Languages that are related through a common ancestor before recorded history Indo-European language family

27. Language Branches The groups of languages that share a common ancestor (language family) Indo-European Family – 8 Branches

28. Language Groups Collection of languages from a common origin in the relatively recent past Germanic Language Branch – Northern Germanic – Western Germanic

29. Language, Dialect, Accent Language is understood among a certain group of people Dialect: regional – Vocabulary – Spelling – Pronunciation Accent: sub regional/local

30. Indo-European Indo-European language family theorized to originate with “Proto-Indo-European” or “Nostratic” superfamilies – Only a theory – Nostratic theory: combines with Afro-Asiatic (Arabic), Dravidian, Uralic, Altaic Diffusion 1.Nomadic Warrior (Kurgan) Theory: Nomadic herders, originated in Russia/Kazakhstan, conquered much of Europe 2.Sedentary Farmer (Renfrew) Hypothesis: Originated in Turkey, spread with agricultural technology

31. GermanicRomance Western Germanic – English – German – Dutch Northern Germanic – Danish – Icelandic – Norwegian – Swedish Portuguese Spanish French Italian Western European Branches

32. Balto-SlavicIndo-Iranian Eastern Slavic – Russian – Ukrainian Western/Southern Slavic – Polish – Czech – Slovak Indic – Hindi (official language of India) 438 languages in India Iranian Other Branches

33. East Asian Languages China – Family: Sino-Tibetan – Branch: Sinitic – Languages: Mandarin (3/4) Cantonese (Yue) Japan – Family: Japanese

34. AustronesianAustro-Asiatic Indonesia – Javanese (2/3) – Tagalog Vietnam – Uses the Roman alphabet “SE Asian” Language Family

35. Middle East Languages Arabic – Afro-Asiatic Family (Semitic branch) Farsi – Indo-European Family (Indo-Iranian branch) Hebrew – Afro-Asiatic Family (Semitic branch)

36. African Languages 95% of Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages of the Niger-Congo language family Most African languages lack a literary tradition