Chapter 1 Lecture Slides with Animations Title Chapter 1 Lecture Slides with Animations To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please note: once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you advance the next slide. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 1 The Human Organism Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Chapter 1 The Human Organism

1.1 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Topics of Anatomy Gross or macroscopic: structures examined without a microscope Regional: studied area by area Systemic: studied system by system Surface: external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope Cytology: cellular anatomy Histology: study of tissues

Topics of Physiology Reveals dynamic nature of living things Considers operations of specific organ systems Cell physiology: examines processes in cells Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels

Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise

1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations Chemical Level: interaction of atoms Cell Level: structural and functional unit of living organisms Tissue Level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them Organ Level: one or more tissues functioning together Organ System Level: group of organs functioning together Organism Level: any living thing.

Organs of the Body Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Organ Systems of the Body Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

Organ Systems of the Body (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)

1.3 Characteristics of Life 1. Organization: condition in which there are specific relationships and functions 2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body 3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust 4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells 5. Development: changes in an organism over time Differentiation: change from general to specific Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs 6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms

1.4 Biomedical Research Shared characteristics between living things drive research Single-celled bacteria = cell Mammalian research furthers human surgery and medicine Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering

1.5 Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1.5 Homeostasis Values of variables fluctuate around the set point to establish a normal range of values. Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable. What is the set point for body temperature?

Feedback Systems Two types: negative and positive Components Receptor: monitors the value of some variable Control center: establishes the set point Effector: can change the value of the variable Stimulus: deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor Response: produced by the effector

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Negative Feedback

Example of Negative Feedback Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Example of Negative Feedback

Changes in B.P. During Exercise Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Changes in B.P. During Exercise

Positive Feedback Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases

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1.6 Terminology and Body Plan Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1.6 Terminology and Body Plan Anatomical Position Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward Other Body Positions Supine: lying face upward Prone: lying face downward Directional Terms Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear structures Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of the body

Terminology and Body Plan (cont.) Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Directional Terms (cont.) Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Body Parts and Regions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Body Parts and Regions 1-26 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1-26 26

Abdominal Subdivisions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Abdominal Subdivisions

Planes Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same plane, but to the left or right of median Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and inferior sections Oblique: Other than at a right angle

Planes Through an Organ Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ Transverse/Cross: cut at right angle to length of the organ Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

Body Cavities Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Serous Membranes Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity Fist represents an organ Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes Inflammation of the serous membranes

Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Serous Membranes: Named for Their Specific Cavities and Organs Pericardium refers to heart. Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity

Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

Imaging Techniques Radiography Ultrasound (US) Computed Tomography (CT) Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of internal body structures Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of internal body structures

Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Computed Tomography (CT Scan): computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR): 3-D version of CT using multiple slices.

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA): comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells.