DNA Biology Lab 11. Nucleic Acids  DNA and RNA both built of nucleotides containing Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) Nitrogenous base (ATCG or AUCG) Phosphate.

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Presentation transcript:

DNA Biology Lab 11

Nucleic Acids  DNA and RNA both built of nucleotides containing Sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) Nitrogenous base (ATCG or AUCG) Phosphate group

Nitrogenous Bases  Nitrogenous bases can be double ringed purines or single ringed pyrimidines.

Nitrogenous Bases  A purine will always pair with a pyrimidine.

DNA  The phosphate group and sugar make up the backbone of the DNA molecule.

DNA  The DNA backbone Phosphate groups and pentose sugars  The 5' end of each strand has a free phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.  The 3' end has a free hydroxyl group attached to the 3' carbon of the pentose sugar.

DNA  DNA consists of two complementary chains connected by hydrogen bonds. A=T C=G

DNA  DNA synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction in both strands.  The DNA strands are antiparallel 5' end of one is associated with the 3' end of the other.  The DNA ladder is twisted into a double helix Ten base pairs occur per turn.

RNA  RNA exists as a single polynucleotide chain. Ribose Uracil

DNA Replication  DNA must replicate itself prior to cell division.  Enzymes are responsible for each step of replication, including proofreading.  The helix unwinds, separates, and each half acts as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. Reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase.

Gene Expression  Gene expression – the use of information in DNA to direct the production of particular proteins. Transcription – first stage of gene expression. A messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a gene within DNA. Translation – second stage – mRNA is used to direct production of a protein.

DNA Coding  DNA codes for the sequence of amino acids in a protein.  A codon is three base- pairs long and is a segment of mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

Transcription  Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcribes the DNA and transports it out of the nucleus.

Transcription  Before leaving the nucleus, segments of mRNA called introns are removed and the exons are spliced together. Exons contain the information coding for the protein that will be synthesized.

Translation  Translation occurs on ribosomes outside the nucleus.  mRNA attaches to a ribosome and protein synthesis begins.

Translation  Transfer RNA (tRNA) collects free amino acids from the cytoplasm and delivers them to the polysome (mRNA- ribosome complex) where they are assembled into a polypeptide. tRNA has a triplet – the anticodon – that is complementary to the codon of mRNA.