1. Molecules to Eye Color DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis

2. (Chapter 8) DNA  Deoxyribonucleic Acid  Carries genetic information  Found every cell  Discovery of DNA Structure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf0YX nAFBs8&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sf0YX nAFBs8&safe=active

3. Structure  Composed of chains of nucleotides  Nucleotides have 3 parts  Phosphate  Deoxyribose sugar  Nitrogen base  4 kinds- G,C,T,A

4.  Chains have a “backbone” of phosphates and deoxyribose sugars  Nitrogen bases sticking out

5. Nitrogen Bases

6. DNA is double stranded  Another chain lines up with the nitrogen bases of the first  G pairs with C and T pairs with A  The bases (and strands)are held together by hydrogen bonds  This forms a ladder shape  ladder is twisted forming a double helix

7. DNA

9. “Unfolding DNA”  Fold a piece of notebook paper into four columns

10. DNA Replication  Makes 2 identical strands of DNA  An enzyme called DNA polymerase “unzips” the two strands by breaking the H-bonds.  Nucleotides with complimentary bases are attached to the exposed strands  (If G is exposed, a C will be attached)  This results in 2 identical strands

11. RNA  Brain Pop!  Ribonucleic acid  Functions in turning DNA code into proteins  3 types  Messenger, mRNA  Transfer, tRNA  Ribosomal, rRNA

12. Structure  Chains of nucleotides  3 main differences between DNA and RNA  1. Ribose sugar (not deoxyribose)  2. Has U (uracil) instead of T (thymine)  3. Single strand (not double)

13. Protein Synthesis  Converting DNA code into proteins  Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids (AA)

14. Transcription  mRNA is created from DNA 1. Section of DNA (gene) unzips 2. RNA nucleotides are paired with exposed bases

15. Unfolding DNA to mRNA

16.  mRNA strand leaves the nucleus  DNA zips back up

17.  Codon- 3 base sequence of mRNA  Anticodon- 3 base sequence on the tRNA

18. Translation  mRNA codons are matched with tRNA anticodons.  This places AA’s in a specific order.

19.  AA’s bond together as tRNA release  Creating a chain of AA’s with a specific sequence  Chains of AA’s = protein