Wednesday On your desk: ch 7 vocab, notes from last class Warm-up: Crash course: “sleep and dreams” 0wFSo 0wFSo

Movie: A Beautiful Mind You need a sheet of paper. Name and movie title. Take notes as you watch Track what happens to John Nash’s psychological processes. How is he at the beginning? How does he change? What treatments are attempted? How does it work out in the end?

Altered States of Consciousness Sleep and Dreams, Hypnosis and Drugs

What is consciousness? State of awareness, can be at various states or levels Consciousness also can be altered… by what? Sleep and dreams Hypnosis Meditation Drugs

Sleep What is it? Characterized by unresponsiveness to environment and usually limited physical mobility.

Why do we sleep? Several theories.. To “re-energize” or charge up. To conserve energy, a sort of mini-hibernation Adaptive process from evolving to keep out of harm’s way at night. To clear our minds of useless information Perchance to dream…

Stages of sleep Stage I: slowing pulse, even breathing, irregular brain waves 10 minutes “just drifting off” Stage II: eyes rolling side to side, brain waves shift to high amplitude, low frequency 30 minutes Stage III: large amplitude delta waves Stage IV: deepest sleep of all, difficult to awaken Large delta waves, sleep walking, talking may happen with no memory. Stage V: REM sleep (rapid eye-, movement), active sleep: twitching body, irregular pulse and breath, hormones fluctuate Brain waves similar to person awake minutes, then cycle back to stage IV. Each cycle is around 90 minutes

Sleep Disorders 1. Insomnia Prolonged, abnormal inability to sleep Causes: stress, drugs, depression 2. Sleep Apnea Frequent interruptions in breathing while asleep Causes: physical blockage of airway (tonsils, obesity, infections, etc)

3. Narcolepsy- permanent feeling of sleepiness, often with unusual sleep patterns Often have “sleep attacks” with random periods of REM sleep. 4. Nightmares – frightening dreams during REM Night Terrors- during stage IV sleep with physical effects (pulse,sweats,etc)—no memory

Dreams… Mostly about mundane activities We only remember the more “interesting, sexier, exciting ones” Dream interpretation… 1. dreams have hidden meanings (Freud, Inuit culture, etc) 2. dreams have no meanings (N. Kleitman)

What is a dream?

14 Hypnosis Hypnos: Greek god of sleep A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

15 Aspects of Hypnosis 1.Posthypnotic Suggestion: Suggestion carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. 2.Posthypnotic Amnesia: Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis.

16 Facts and Falsehood Those who practice hypnosis agree that its power resides in the subject’s openness to suggestion. Can anyone experience hypnosis? Yes, to some extent. Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events? No.

17 Facts and Falsehood Can hypnosis be therapeutic? Yes. Self-suggestion can heal too. Can hypnosis alleviate pain? Yes. Lamaze can do that too. Can hypnosis force people to act against their will? No.

Biofeedback Technique when a person learns to control their own physiological processes. Uses: tension headaches, blood pressure 18

Meditation 1. transcendental- focus on use of mantras 2. mindfulness – focus on present 3. breath- focus on breath 19

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Drugs and Psychology Psychology: study of mental and behavioral processes Drugs effect both. 21

22 Drugs and Consciousness Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).

23 Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.

24 Dependence & Addiction Continued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.

25 Withdrawal & Dependence 1.Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal. 2.Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).

26 Misconceptions about Addiction 1.Addictive drugs quickly corrupt. 2.Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily. 3.Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors. Addiction is a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical & psychological).

27 Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs are divided into three groups. 1.Depressants 2.Stimulants 3.Hallucinogens

28 Depressants Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include: 1.Alcohol 2.Barbiturates 3.Opiates

29 Alcohol 1.Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness. Drinking and Driving Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS Ray Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images

30 Barbiturates 2.Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

31 Depressants 3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

32 Stimulants Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. 1.Caffeine 2.Nicotine 3.Cocaine 4.Ecstasy 5.Amphetamines 6.Methamphetamines

33 Caffeine & Nicotine Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.

34 Amphetamines Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects. National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

35 Ecstasy Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphet amine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory. Greg Smith/ AP Photos

36 Cocaine Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

37 Hallucinogens Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind- manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. Ronald K. Siegel

38 Hallucinogens 1.LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid. 2.THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. Hemp Plant

39 Drugs

40 Influences on Drug Use The graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.

41 Influences on Drug Use The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.