1. Unit 5: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 5: Sensation, Perception and States of Consciousness
Essential Task 5-10:Identify the major psychoactive drug categories (depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens) and classify specific drugs, including their psychological and physiological effects.
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Perceptual Constancies
Sensation
Vision
The Eye
Theories
Hearing
The Ear
Other Senses
Smell
Taste
Pain
Gestalt Principles
Perceptual Constancies
Perception
Basic Principles
Visual Illusions
Depth Perception

3. Altered States of Consciousness
Stages/REM
Circadian Rhythm
Disorders
Hidden Observer
Actor
Sleep
Dreams
Hypnosis
Meditation
We are here
Waking Consciousness
Daydreaming and Fantasy
Altered States of Consciousness
Drug-Altered Consciousness
Substance Abuse
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens

4. Essential Task 5-10: Major psychoactive drug categories Depressants
Outline
Major psychoactive drug categories
Depressants
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates
stimulants
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
Hallucinogens
LSD
Marijuana

5. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness).
OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.

6. Depressants
Depressant drugs reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
Common depressants are
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates

7. Alcohol Most used psychoactive drug in Western societies
Although most often used in moderation, about 14 million Americans have problems with alcohol
Men are three times more likely to be problem drinkers

8. Alcohol Highly addictive Even moderate amounts can affect Perception
Motor processes
Memory
Judgment
Visual acuity
Depth perception
Cognitive functioning

9. Alcohol Overall effect is to calm the nervous system
Sometimes perceived as a stimulant because it relaxes inhibitions

10. Barbiturates “Downers” Often Used to treat insomnia
Can interfere with sleep patterns and cause dependence
Effects are similar to alcohol

11. Opiates Derived from the opium poppy
Includes opium, morphine, and heroin
Opiates resemble endorphins, the body’s natural painkillers
Causes euphoria followed by clouded mental functioning

12. Stimulants Substances that excite the central nervous system
Includes drugs such as
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines

13. Caffeine
Naturally occurring substance found in coffee, tea, cocoa, and chocolate
Also added to soft drinks and pain medications
Increases alertness
In high doses, caffeine can cause anxiety, headaches, heart palpitations, insomnia, and diarrhea

14. Nicotine Found in tobacco
Considered by many to be the most addictive stimulant in use today
Affects levels of several neurotransmitters
Depending on amount and time smoked, can have either sedative or stimulating effects
Can lead to numerous withdrawal symptoms, including nervousness, headaches, and irritability

15. Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

16. Amphetamines
Chemically similar to epinepherine, a hormone that activates the sympathetic nervous system
Increase alertness as well as feelings of well-being
Can cause euphoria followed by a crash, including severe depression
Leads to cycle of addiction

17. Amphetamines Forms can include methamphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA)
Ecstasy acts as both a stimulant and hallucinogen
Even short-term use of ecstasy may have long-term consequences

18. Ecstasy
Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.
Greg Smith/ AP Photos

19. Cocaine Blocks reabsorption of dopamine
Produces increased alertness, motivation, and euphoria
Crash leads to anxiety, depression, and strong cravings

20. Hallucinogens Substances that distort visual and auditory perception
LSD
Produces hallucinations and delusions similar to a psychotic state
Can result in psychosis, memory loss, paranoia, panic attacks, nightmares and aggression

21. Marijuana
THC, the active ingredient in marijuana, produces symptoms such as
Mild hallucinations
Euphoria
Enhanced sense of well-being
Relaxation
Distortion of time
Some users may experience anxiety and paranoia