Reconstruction What to do with the south after the war?

Objective  SWBAT  Describe the three plans for reconstruction  Explain the purpose and intent of “Black Codes”

Warm-Up Working With Documents  I am going to show you a document. 1.Who issued this document? 2.When was it issued? 3.What kind of document is this? 4.What purpose does this document serve?

What you must know  How did the three plans for reconstruction differ from each other?  What were Black Codes?  How did reconstruction transition from Lincoln’s control to Congressional Control?

Lincoln’s Plan  The most lenient plan, but never enacted.  Offered a pardon to any southerner who would take an oath of allegiance and accept the federal policy on slavery  Denied pardons to all military and government officials. Especially those that killed African American Soldier POW’s.  After 10% of the people in a state swore the oath, the state would be allowed to rewrite its constitution. Leading to full participation in the Union. (States treated as if they never left)  Did not require the south to give voting rights to African Americans or do anything for them.

How it all went down  The war ends early April 1865  Lincoln is assassinated April 14, 1865  Andrew Johnson becomes president  Since congress is in recess he has time, about 8 months, to implement his Presidential Reconstruction plan.

Black Codes  Since Johnson’s plan was so weak on what to do for African Americans, southern states began to enact “Black Codes”  Black Codes were law’s that were designed to restrict the rights of African Americans  Curfews  Vagrancy Laws  Labor Contracts  Land Restrictions

Johnson’s Plan  (Presidential Reconstruction) Moderately Lenient  Offered a pardon to any southerner who would take an oath of allegiance and accept the federal policy on slavery.  Military and government leaders could request pardons in writing to the President, but few were given.  Each state would be allowed to rewrite its constitution. (no 10% allegiance requirement) Leading to full participation in the Union. (States treated as if they never left)  States were required to give up the right to succeed, abolish slavery, and agree to not pay confederate debts.  Did not require the south to give voting rights to African Americans or do anything for them.

1866  First Civil Rights Act (Congress worried that it would be struck down by the courts)  14 th Amendment created to counteract the Black Codes  Radical Republicans big winners in the 1866 Congressional Elections.  The Power Struggle Begins

Congressional Reconstruction  Military Reconstruction Act of 1867  Punishment: Places the south under military rule  Demanded new state constitutions and elections  Required voting rights for African Americans  Disenfranchised former confederates  Required the confederate states to ratify the 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments

Military Reconstruction Act  March 1867  Did away with Johnson’s reconstruction programs  Divides the south into 5 military districts  Each state had to write an approved constitution and adopt the 14 th amendment.  Gives the right to vote to all adult male citizens.

Other Congressional Acts  Command of the Army Act  Required all Presidential Orders for the Army to go through the General of the Army  Tenure of Office Act  Requires Senate approval before the President could fire any government official that the Senate had approved of.

Impeachment!!!  February 21, 1868 Johnson fires Secretary of War Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act  The house of representatives votes to impeach (bring charges against) President Johnson.  There is a trial in the Senate and Johnson is found not guilty by one vote.  Johnson serves as a lame duck for the remainder of his term.

Johnson’s Impeachment Trial

Reconstruction  By 1870 all Former Confederate States had rejoined the Union.  Carpet Baggers: Northerners who moved south to make a profit or to take advantage of opportunities in the south.  Scalawags: White southerners who collaborated with the Republicans on reconstruction.

Republican Programs  Public Schools  Hospitals  Roads  Bridges  Railroads  Repealing Black Codes  High Taxes

The Grant Presidency  Elected in 1868  Grant himself was considered to be very honest  However his advisors were very corrupt  Graft: Getting Money Illegally through politics  Reelected for 2 nd term 1872  Panic of 1873

Southern Resistance  Illegal Resistance  Ku Klux Klan  Social Pressure  Legal Resistance  Political Maneuvering, by 1876 southern Democrats had gained significant strength in state and local governments driving Republicans out.

Civil War Amendments  13 th.Amendment: Abolishes Slavery  14 th. Amendment: Due Process, Equal Protection Under the Law  15 th. Amendment: Specified that the right to vote cannot be denied on the basis of race, color, or prior servitude.

The Freedman’s Bureau  Set up by Congress to:  Feed and clothe war refugees in the south using the Armies’ surplus supplies  Help African Americans find work  Negotiate pay and hours worked for African Americans  Set up schools and colleges for training African American Teachers

End of Reconstruction  By 1876 Democrats had regained control of most state governments  The south is still an occupied land

Election of 1876  Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Democrat Samuel Tilden  Election plagued by voter fraud  Neither captures a majority of electoral votes

Compromise of 1877  Hayes will become President  Hayes will appoint a Democrat as Postmaster General  Hayes agrees to pull Federal Troops out of the south bringing reconstruction to an end.

The Freedman’s Bureau  Set up by Congress to:  Feed and clothe war refugees in the south using the Armies’ surplus supplies  Help African Americans find work  Negotiate pay and hours worked for African Americans  Set up schools and colleges for training African American Teachers

End of Reconstruction  By 1876 Democrats had regained control of most state governments  The south is still an occupied land

Election of 1876  Republican Rutherford B. Hayes v. Democrat Samuel Tilden  Election plagued by voter fraud  Neither captures a majority of electoral votes

Compromise of 1877  Hayes will become President  Hayes will appoint a Democrat as Postmaster General  Hayes agrees to pull Federal Troops out of the south.

Something to think about  Was reconstruction a success or a failure? Why or why not?