H ISTORY OF L ATIN A MERICA

C OLONIZING L ATIN A MERICA Lasted for over four hundred years, from 1492 to 1898 Two motivations: 1. Trade 2. Spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions

Spanish Set up four Viceroyalties: 1. New Spain 2. New Granada 3. Peru 4. La Plata

S OCIAL H IERARCHY IN L ATIN A MERICA Penninsulares (men born in Spain) Creoles (Spaniards born in Latin America) Mestizos (mixed European & Indian ancestry) Mulattos (mixed European & African ancestry) Indians (of little economic value) Africans (majority enslaved)

T HE E CONOMY IN C OLONIAL L ATIN A MERICA based on the ideas of “ Mercantilism ” Africans & American Indians used as slave labor Lands are used for natural resources

R OAD TO R EVOLUTION 1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas 2. Creole discontent 3. Motivated by the “successful” American and French Revolutions. 4. Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal in fighting in other wars (the Napoleonic Wars) 5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the expense of the native Latin Americans

Enlightenment Thinkers

Creole Discontent

Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Inspiration of American & French Revolutions Declaration of Independence, 1776 Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen, 1789

Preoccupation of Spain & Portugal In Fighting Napoleonic Wars

Latin American Revolutions

Toussaint L’Ouveture Leads a Revolution in Haiti (1804)

Haiti French colony Date of Independence : 1804 Independence Leaders : Toussiant-Louverture (former slave) Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaint’s general) Haitian Independence : 1791: slave revolt 1801: Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees slaves) 1802: French troops arrive & agreement made to stop revolution 1804: Dessalines starts revolution again and declares independence

M EXICO Spanish colony Date of Independence: Independence Leaders: Miguel Hidalgo (priest/revolutionary leader) José María Morelos (priest/revolutionary leader) Agustín de Iturbide (Mexican general) Mexican Independence: 1810: Hidalgo leads Mexican mestizos & Indians in revolt 1811: Hidalgo captured & killed, Morelos assumes leadership 1815: Morelos killed 1820: Iturbide names himself emperor 1823: Mexico becomes a republic

The “Muscle” of the Revolution Bolivar coming from the North. José de St. Martín and Bernard O’Higgins cross the Andes Mountains.

Bolivar & San Martin Fight for Independence

Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1816 Independence Leaders : Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer) Argentiaian Independence : 1816= Creole colonist rebel & seize government 1816= Martin declares independenceArgentina

Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1817 Independence Leaders : Jose de San Martin Bernardo O’Higgins (military officer) Chile Independence : 1817= San Martin leads his army across the Andes into Chile 1817= Joins forces with O’Higgins and defeat the Spanish and declare independenceChile

Simón Bolivar: The “Brains” of the Revolution  Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.  Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent United States.

Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1821/1822 Independence Leaders : Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan - Creole/military general) Gran Columbia Independence : 1811= Venezuela declares independence = Revolts against Spanish 1821= Bolivar wins independence 1821= Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador, & Panama 1822= Bolivar elected president; the new nation called Gran Columbia established Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama

Bolivar’s Accomplishment

Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1824 Independence Leaders : Jose de San Martin Simon Bolivar Peruvian Independence : 1821= San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to drive out the remaining Spanish 1822= San Martin joins Bolivar/combines army 1822= San Martin leaves for Europe 1822= Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador, and Panama 1822= Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of AyacuchoPeru

Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin

Spanish colony Date of Independence : 1825 Independence Leaders : Simon Bolivar Bolivian Independence : 1824= Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish from Peru 1825= Upper Peru separates and names itself Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar) Bolivia

Bolivar’s Failure  After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, & Ecuador into Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of Latin America  He died a year later, with his goal of uniting all of South America unfulfilled!

Brazil Freed from Portugal  The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by fleeing to Brazil.  Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821 when his father returned to Portugal.  Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I abdicated his throne.