Rome: Republic SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700BCE to 400 CE Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and roman culture; include law, gender, and science

Rome Geography Italy Tiber River The Alps Mediterranean

Early Republic Latin & Etruscan immigrants est. Rome in 1000 BCE Initially kings ruled Built Forum Open air; center of public life (gov’t, law, business) Citizens drive out last king Declare gov’t a democratic republic Citizens vote for leaders Citizens were free-born men

Social Classes in Rome Patricians Plebeians Wealthy Owned land Made laws Plebeians Artisans, farmers, commoners/everybody else (majority) Could vote Could not hold office

Rebellion & Government Changes Plebeians rebel Patricians give them more power Plebeian Accomplishments: Tribune – elected representative who protect the rights of plebeians from unfair patrician officials Twelve Tables – written law code (all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law)

Government Consul – 2 Senate – 300 Assemblies – Lots Dictator – 1 Rule army, directed gov’t 1 year term, veto power Senate – 300 Legislative (made laws) Assemblies – Lots Voice of people Dictator – 1 Absolute power Consuls choose 6 month term during times of crisis

Rise & Fall of the Roman Empire SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE. a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire. b. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar. e. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Collapse of the Republic Why does the republic collapse? Large size of territory Economic Turmoil Gap between rich & poor Rich land owners lived on estates & used slave labor Small farmers couldn’t compete  sell land  homeless Military Upheaval Generals take power & pay poor to work as soldiers Soldiers loyal to generals instead of Republic

Julius Caesar Military genius Consul for 1 year Conquers Gaul (France) People & troops love him Pompey (political rival) jealous Caesar marches to Rome w/ his army Pompey flees & is later defeated 44 B.C.E. declares himself dictator for life

Caesar’s Reforms Expanded Senate Increased pay for soldiers Started colonies Created jobs Citizenship Photo: Brutus & Cassius plot Caesar’s assassination in the Roman Forum

After Julius Caesar’s Death… Civil war breaks out Triumvirate (rule of three): Octavian (Caesar’s grandson) Mark Antony (general) Lepidus (politician) Triumvirate fight with each other for power: Octavian is victorious

Octavian & Empire Becomes “Augustus” – exalted one; Rome’s first emperor 27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E. “Pax Romana” = Roman peace Set up a civil service – paid workers to manage gov’t affairs

“Pax Romana” Ends 180 C.E. after Marcus Aurelius Rulers cannot handle Empire’s size

Century of Crisis Foreign invasion  trade affected  inflation (rising prices) Soil over-farmed  famine Military not loyal Mercenaries (foreign soldiers who were paid)  no loyalty to Rome

Emperors Try Reform Diocletian 248 C.E. Constantine 330 C.E. Limits freedom Doubles military Controls inflation Divides the Empire: East – spoke Greek West – spoke Latin Constantine 330 C.E. Moves capital to Byzantine (East) Names capital after self – Constantinople Ends persecution of Christians in empire

Eastern & Western Roman Empire

West Collapses Why? Invasions: Huns invade Germanic homelands Germanic tribes move south Sack and overtake Rome Last Roman emperor ousted by the Germanic tribes in 476 A.D.

Eastern Empire Survives Byzantine (Byzantium) Preserves Greek/Roman culture Lasts until 1453 when Ottoman Turks take over

The Spread of Christianity