Paperwork Stuff Does anyone still need to take the Chapter 13 test? HW check – 14-1 Reading Notes

14-1 Early Demands for Equality Jim Crow Laws & Discrimination Bottom of the economic ladder Higher rates of poverty and illiteracy Lower rates of homeownership and life expectancy Voting in North – Not in South few held public office

Jim Crow Laws Strict separation of the races De jure segregation = imposed by law Plessy V Ferguson = separate but equal (1896) Most areas of public life = Schools, hospitals, transportation, restaurants, cemeteries, beaches African Americans faced discrimination and segregation De facto segregation – by unwritten custom or tradition Housing and employment Asian Americans and Mexicans faced de facto segregation and sometimes legal restrictions

De Facto Segregation De Jure Segregation Sort the following, into either de facto or de jure segregation. Blacks sitting in the back of the bus Separate water fountains Separate cemeteries Separate neighborhoods for blacks and white Lower paying jobs Black attend different schools Black and white not able to play checkers together Inter racial marriage Blacks sitting in the back of the bus Separate neighborhoods for blacks and white Lower paying jobs Separate water fountains Separate cemeteries Black attend different schools Black and white not able to play checkers together Inter racial marriage

1942 CORE formed to end racial injustice Non-violent methods to gain civil rights. Protest against segregation in North 1945 returning soldiers unwilling to accept discrimination 1947 Jackie Robinson joins the Brooklyn Dodgers 1948 Truman desegregates the military POSITIVES

NEGATIVES

How did segregation affect the lives of African Americans? Facilities were not “equal” and allowed to be run down. African Americans did not experience the same economic opportunities or prosperity that whites did.

 Civil Rights stalled in the early 1950’s  NAACP –Civil Rights Organization ◦ Goal: legally change segregation ◦ Thurgood Marshall  African American Lawyer  Headed team

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)Separate but Equal Sweatt v. Painter 1950Texas had not equal all-black law school Violated Amendment 14 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents Student not given equal assess to school facilities Separate Not Equal Brown v. Board of EducationSupreme court agreed segregated schools violated constitution GOAL: to challenge “separate but equal”

 No longer “Separate but equal”  Court backed integration  The Southern Manifesto ◦ Oppose Brown ruling through “all lawful means”  White Citizens Council ◦ South would not be integrated ◦ Economic and political pressure against people who agreed with Brown ruling

 Eisenhower  US Civil Rights Commission ◦ Investigate violations of civil rights ◦ Voting rights protected ◦ Did not help much First civil rights bill passed since reconstruction

 Nine young students enroll  Governor sent state national guard to not let students in  Federal Troops were sent in to escort the students for one year.  most southern states still resist desegregation

 Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat to white man on bus  She worked closely with NAACP  She is arrested  The Montgomery Bus Boycott ◦ Object to segregation and Parks Arrest ◦ Stopped using public transportation  supposed to last for 1 day

 Martin Luther King Jr. spoke to boycotters ◦ urged a non-violent protest  Bus Boycott continues for a year!  Finally the Supreme Court rules law segregating buss’s was unconstitutional

 SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership Conference ◦ Created after the Bus Boycott ◦ Continued the civil rights struggle ◦ Made up of African American Ministers ◦ Nonviolent