Meters Simple meter: Simple meter: Duple, Triple, Quadruple Compound meters: Compound meters: Sextuple = Compound Duple Sextuple = Compound Duple 6 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 6 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 Compound Triple Compound Triple 9 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 & 7 9 beats BUT with accents on 1 & 4 & 7

Harmony simultaneous happenings in music simultaneous happenings in music Vertical space (depth) Vertical space (depth) What happens underneath the melody What happens underneath the melody like the illusion of perspective or depth in painting like the illusion of perspective or depth in painting AKA: movement and relationship of intervals and chords AKA: movement and relationship of intervals and chords

Harmony Intervals, distance between any two tones Intervals, distance between any two tones Horizontal--melodic Vertical--harmonic Scale, collection of intervals Scale, collection of intervals Do-re-mi-fa-sol-la-ti-do Chord, combination of 3 or more tones (usually from the scale) Chord, combination of 3 or more tones (usually from the scale) Do/mi/sol or 1/3/5 = major chord

Harmonic behavior Tonic, “do” of the scale Tonic, “do” of the scale the chord built with “do” as the root “Aka” “keynote” “Aka” “keynote” greatest gravitational pull Chords exhibit in a hierarchy, with the tonic at the top Major tonality (tonic is a major chord) Minor tonality (tonic is a minor chord) Minor tonality (tonic is a minor chord) dissonance, chords that sound unstable dissonance, chords that sound unstable Create motion (often toward tonic) consonance, stable, at rest consonance, stable, at rest

FORM Form is defined by repetition and contrast Form is defined by repetition and contrast Repetition (A A) Repetition (A A) Contrast (A B A) Contrast (A B A) Variation (A A1 A2...) Variation (A A1 A2...)

FORM What is the form of “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star? What is the form of “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star? ABBA ABBA What is the form of “Goodbye, Old paint?” What is the form of “Goodbye, Old paint?” ABA ABA

NAMES OF BASIC FORMS BINARY ( A vs. B) BINARY ( A vs. B) Greensleeves (variation & binary) A (a a1) A1 (a a1) B (b b1) TERNARY (A B A) TERNARY (A B A) Goodbye Old Paint A B A STROPHIC (many verses sung to the same music) STROPHIC (many verses sung to the same music) “Yesterday” (Beatles) “Yesterday all my troubles … (A) “Suddenly there’s a shadow … (A)

Building Blocks of Form Theme Theme A melodic idea used as a building block of form. Thematic development: elaborating or varying a musical idea Example of thematic development: Beethoven’s fifth symphony

Texture the interaction of musical lines (musical fabric) the interaction of musical lines (musical fabric) 1. Monophony/monophonic single line 1. Monophony/monophonic single line Gregorian chant Native American traditional music 2. polyphony -more than one melody together 2. polyphony -more than one melody together Imitation: a common form of polyphony Canon & round (“Row, row, row your boat”) Rimsky Korsakov Capriccio Espagnol 3. homophony- one melody with supporting harmony 3. homophony- one melody with supporting harmony Shall We Gather at the River Pictures at an Exhibition

Texture What texture are these examples? What texture are these examples? Stravinsky Mozart Piano Concerto Hungarian traditional song Billings, “Chester”

DYNAMICS Relative Quietness or Loudness Piano Forte p f (quiet) (loud) Relative Quietness or Loudness Piano Forte p f (quiet) (loud)

DYNAMICS The relative gradation scale: Pianissimo Piano mezzo-piano mezzo-forte forte fortissimo pp p mp mf f ff The relative gradation scale: Pianissimo Piano mezzo-piano mezzo-forte forte fortissimo pp p mp mf f ff (quieter) (louder) decrescendo-getting quieter crescendo-getting louder

TEMPO Speed of the pulse Speed of the pulse SLOW Fast adagio presto SLOW Fast adagio presto

TIMBRE Pitch Pitch Duration Duration Volume Volume Timbre Timbre Properties of Sound

GENRE The category or type of music The category or type of music Often related to performing forces Often related to performing forces