The Spread of Protestantism & The Catholic Response SS.A.3.4.2; SS.B.1.4.4; SS.B.2.4.1
The Zwinglian Reformation Ulrich Zwingli, priest from Zurich, convinces the city council to reform churches in Zurich Abolishes relics and images in churches Paintings removed, replaces with all white walls Catholic mass replaced by scripture reading, prayer and sermons Attempt to unite with Lutherans in Germany fails, because sides cannot agree on importance of Communion
John Calvin & Calvinism War between Catholic and Protestant Swiss results in Zwingli’s death John Calvin=new leader of Swiss reforms French, but forced to live in Switzerland after he converts to Protestantism Writes Institutes of the Christian Religion Shared many beliefs with Lutherans Calvin also believed in predestination Belief that God has already chosen the saved Calvinists believe they always do God’s work
Calvin In Geneva 1536: Calvin attempts to reform Geneva Establishes new government based on church Consistory established as court to punish those who don’t follow church teaching Geneva becomes a center of Protestantism 1550: Calvinism more influential than Lutheranism; spreads to parts of France, the Netherlands, and Eastern Europe
The English Reformation King Henry VIII of England wants an annulment, so he can marry another woman First wife, Catherine of Aragon, births a girl Henry wants to marry Anne B., wants a son Asks pope for divorce—FAIL Asks Archbishop of Canterbury—winning 1534: Parliament splits from Catholic Church with “Act of Supremacy” Henry stays close to Catholic teaching, son Edward VI’s priests like Protestantism Henry and Catherine’s daughter “Bloody Mary” tries to bring England back to Pope, fails
The Anabaptists Disliked state control of church like Luther and Calvin established Anabaptists: faith should be by adults who choose a spiritual rebirth, and are baptized Adult baptism was a new idea, different than those held by Catholics and Protestants Separation of church and state=important Ministers elected by people, from the community since all Christians are equal (but not women) Did not believe in war or holding political office Catholics & Protestants persecuted Anabaptists
The Protestant Family Protestants do not think celibacy= a special holiness Monasticism & celibacy for clergy abolished Protestants believed in equality between man and woman But in practice, men were still dominant, and women were expected to be obedient Main role of women=bare children Reformation did little for women’s rights
Jesuits & The Catholic Reformation Mid-1500s: Protestantism is spreading Catholic Church begins to reform itself Jesuits, papacy reformed, Council of Trent Jesuits “The Society of Jesus” was a religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola Swear loyalty to pope, used education as tool Reestablish Catholicism to eastern Europe and parts of Germany, Asia, Americas & Africa Popes were no longer allowed to play an active role in politics, and military affairs
Council of Trent Pope Paul III sees need for change, appoints Reform Commission in 1537 Commission blames problems on popes’ abuses of power, politics and wealth 1545: Pope, bishops, theologians, abbots and cardinals meet to discuss Catholic faith Upholds: faith and good works needed for salvation, clerical celibacy, purgatory, sacraments, Eucharist Sale of indulgences is forbidden
The Council of Trent
Chapter 10, Lesson 2 Review On page 187, write and answer questions 1-5