Rise of Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad 4/19/2017 What is Islam? A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad 4/19/2017 Copyright 2005 Brainy Betty, Inc.

One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God Judgment Day Basic Beliefs of Islam One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God Judgment Day Acceptance of prophets, including Moses and Jesus Muhammad was the last prophet by God

570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah) Founding of Islam 570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah) The Prophet Muhammad 4/19/2017

Founding of Islam 610 AD Muhammad was told by a vision of the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet so began preaching in Mecca 4/19/2017

Muhammad receiving the message from Gabriel 4/19/2017

Islamic religion spread from Mecca to Medina along trade route Founding of Islam Islamic religion spread from Mecca to Medina along trade route 622 AD: Muhammad fled to Medina (Madinah) because of threats to his life 4/19/2017

Spread of Islam from Mecca to Medina 570 AD to 622 AD 4/19/2017

630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted Founding of Islam 630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted 632 AD: Muhammad died in Medina (Madinah) 4/19/2017

As part of the Islam, all true Muslims must perform five duties: Five Pillars As part of the Islam, all true Muslims must perform five duties: 1. Affirmation of faith 2. Prayer 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage 4/19/2017

Affirmation of Faith The duty to recite the creed: “There is nothing worthy of worship save Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God” 4/19/2017

The duty to pray to God five times each day (facing Mecca) Prayer The duty to pray to God five times each day (facing Mecca) “The rewards for the prayers which are performed by people assembled together are double of those which are said at home.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017

The duty to give away alms and to help the needy Almsgiving The duty to give away alms and to help the needy “A man's giving in alms one piece of silver in his lifetime is better for him than giving one hundred when about to die.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017

The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan Fasting The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan “A keeper of fasts, who does not abandon lying and slandering, God cares not about his leaving off eating and drinking.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017

The duty to visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime Pilgrimage The duty to visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime 4/19/2017

Islamic Holy Book Quran (Koran) “Read the Qur'an constantly; I swear by him in the hands of whose might is my life, verily the Qur'an runneth away faster than a camel which is not tied by the leg.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017

Holy City: Mecca Mecca (Birthplace of Muhammad) 4/19/2017

Spread of Islamic Civilization

Where did Islam spread? Islamic religion spread rapidly over great distances: Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia, and India

Quran instructed them to spread their faith. Why?? Quran instructed them to spread their faith. 4/19/2017

635 AD: Muslim Conquest of Damascus, Syria Expansion 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of Damascus, Syria 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem 4/19/2017

641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia Expansion 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) mostly occupied by Muslims 4/19/2017

Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 2005 Expansion ceases 732 AD: Battle of Tours **Muslims were defeated** and Islamic expansion into Europe stopped 4/19/2017 Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 2005

Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 2005 Tours is a city located in France. 4/19/2017 Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 2005

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Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine 11th Century Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine 4/19/2017

Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam 13th Century Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam 4/19/2017

Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire 1453 Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire 4/19/2017

The Split in Islam

Split of Islam 656 AD - two groups split over how the religious leaders should be chosen; Shi’ite (Shi’a) Sunni 4/19/2017

SHIITE (Shi’a) Mostly in Iraq & Iran Thought leader must be related to Muhammad through his daughter Fatima & Ali 4/19/2017

The 12 Imams, believed to be descendants of Muhammad daughter Fatima and son-in-Law Ali and the infallible true leaders of Islam. 4/19/2017

Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept SUNNI Majority of Muslims Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept 4/19/2017

Shi’a v Sunni Two groups fought each other; Sunni won & began the 1st Muslim Empire: The Umayyad Empire 4/19/2017

Official language = Arabic Umayyad Empire (661- 750AD) Sunni influenced. Official language = Arabic Moved capital to Damascus, Syria (strategically located). Conquered land to the Indus River (Pakistan), North Africa, & Spain 4/19/2017

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Islamic expansion ceases UMAYYAD EMPIRE EXPANSION CEASES FOLLOWING LOSS AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN FRANCE (732AD) 4/19/2017

Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD Abbasids vs. Umayyad Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD Built a new capital in Baghdad, Iraq 4/19/2017

The non-shaded region shows the Abbasid Caliphate 4/19/2017

The Muslim World fractures Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around Baghdad. Fracture to Autonomous Dynasties: Faced internal problems such as; financial, political, social, and military Local governors act independently to central authority Local authorities begin to act as individual provinces or states 4/19/2017

Cultural Contributions Architecture (ex: Dome of the Rock, mosques) Islamic Civilization preserved and extended ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian Learning Mosaics Arabic alphabet 4/19/2017

Dome of the Rock 4/19/2017

Mosque in Istanbul 4/19/2017

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Cultural Contributions and Achievements Universities Translation of ancient texts into Arabic 4/19/2017 Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 2005

Students in the ancient Islamic University 4/19/2017

Scientific achievements Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero Medicine Expansion of geographic knowledge Astronomy Algebra 4/19/2017

Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis) Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments. Pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation = pharmacology 4/19/2017

Medicine Al-Razi- Ibn Sina Chief physician at hospital in Baghdad Compiled a huge medical encyclopedia, explaining diseases so doctors could tell them apart. Ibn Sina Scholar and doctor Wrote the textbook Canon of Medicine Used in Europe until 1650 4/19/2017

Mathematics Al-Khwarizmi Compiled Arabic math book, Algebra Developed Algebra Also worked in the field of astronomy and geography A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra 4/19/2017

Geography Al-Idrisi Cartographer, geographer, Egyptologist Sent people to countries to study geographic features Developed more accurate maps The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi in1154, one of the most advanced ancient world maps. Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas.