 A group of words that contains at least a simple subject and a simple predicate.  Two main types of clauses: ◦ Independent ◦ Dependent

 AKA – main clause – contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.  The clause can stand alone  Examples ◦ We walked into the room. ◦ What are you doing here? ◦ Be careful with that hot water!

 AKA – subordinate clause – contains a subject and a verb, but does not express a complete thought.  Clause begin with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun and cannot stand alone.  Example: ◦ Because it was late, we decided not to go. ◦ I am sorry that you are ill.

 After  Although  As  Because  Before  How  If  Since  Than  That  Though  Until  When  Where  Whether  While

 Nominal clause or noun clause  Adverbial clause or adverb clause  Adjectival clause or adjective or relative clause

 Noun clause contains a subject and a verb and are introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun.  Noun clause can act as a subject, object, or complement.  Examples: ◦ Whatever you decide can wait until tomorrow. (verb)

 Examples: ◦ Whatever you decide can wait until tomorrow. (verb) ◦ The question is whether we should go. (subject complement after linking verb “is” ◦ We argued about who will complete the project. (object of preposition “about”)

 Contain a subject and a verb, are introduced by a subordination conjunction, and can appear before or after the main verb.  This clause indicates when, where, why, and how something happens.

 Before he left for vacation, Joe checked the weather. (indicates when he checked)  We waited for Susana because she had the tickets. (indicates why we waited)

 Act as adjectives  Relative clauses describe or give information about the nouns or pronouns  introduced by a relative pronoun.

 The adjectival clauses are underlined and the relative pronouns are bold.  Cynthia is the girl who won the dance contest.  This is the park where we met our friends.

 Which  What  Where  Who  Whom  When  That  Whichever  Whatever  Wherever  Whoever  Whomever  Whenever  whether

 A group of words that does not have a finite or limited verb and functions as a single part of speech.  Examples: ◦ Adverbial phrases-Participle phrases ◦ Prepositional phrases-Absolute phrases ◦ Infinitive phrases-Appositives phrases ◦ Gerund phrases

 A word or expression that acts as an adverb, modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb. ◦ Below in bold is adverbial phrase and the underlined word is the verb, adjective or adverb it modifies  Example: ◦ We walked around the track for an hour. ◦ Is it always so humid after a thunderstorm?

 Begins with a preposition and acts as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.  Example: ◦ After dusk is the best time to look for stars.  (acts as noun – subject of verb “is”) ◦ We jumped over the puddle.  (acts as adverb – modifying “jumped”)

 Base verb + suffix  Can be used as adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns.  Based on verbs and express action or a state of being  Examples: present or past ◦ ing-en-t ◦ ed-d-n

 Begins with a participle and acts as an adjective  Set off with commas  Examples: ◦ The window, broken since last month, was finally fixed. ◦ Dominique, having just eaten, did not go to dinner with us.

 A noun or pronoun placed after another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or explain  Usually set off by commas  Example: ◦ The main character, Tom Sawyer, appeals to me.