ENERGY, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Releasing Food Energy

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule All ______ is broken down by the body into small molecules through digestion. By the time food reaches your ____________, it has been broken down into nutrient rich molecules that can enter your cells. food bloodstream

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule ___________________ then break down the food molecules, __________ energy for the biological work your cells need to perform. ______ = the ability to do work Cellular reactions releasing Energy

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) _____________________________= energy storing molecule

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule Cells STORE energy by bonding a third _______________ to ____ (adenosine diphosphate) to form ____. Cells RELEASE energy when ATP breaks down into ____ and _________! phosphate group ADP ATP ADP phosphate

I. ATP Energy In A Molecule

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule Within a cell, _________ of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, ________________ each time! formation storing energy

I. ATP: Energy In A Molecule Cells use energy for: Maintaining ____________ Eliminating _______ Transmitting _________ (nerve cells) Cellular __________ (muscle cells) Without ATP a cell would ____! homeostasis wastes impulses movement die

Photosynthesis

I. Overview: “The Big Picture” Photosynthesis _______________ = the process that provides energy for almost all life. ___________ = organisms that make their own food. Ex. plants Photosynthesis requires: The _____________, ______ and ________________ to make ________________________ and _______ as byproducts. Autotrophs Sun’s energy water carbon dioxide carbohydrate molecules oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 The process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS can be summarized by the following equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 chlorophyll

I. Overview: “The Big Picture” The energy stored in glucose and other carbohydrates can be used later to produce ____ during the process of _____________________. We’ll discuss cellular respiration in more detail very soon! ATP cellular respiration 14

I. Overview: “The Big Picture” The process of photosynthesis does ____ happen all at once; rather it occurs in 2 stages: NOT 15

I. Overview: “The Big Picture” LIGHT REACTIONS STAGE 1 – called the ________________. _____________ is converted to _______________. Takes place - _______ is captured from _________ in the _____________ of the chloroplasts of plant cells A photosynthetic cell contains one to thousands of chloroplasts! Light energy chemical energy Energy sunlight chlorophyll 16

Stage 1: Light Reactions Water ______ is split into hydrogen ions, electrons and oxygen (O2) through the process called the electron transport chain. The _____________ is now converted to __________________, which is temporarily stored in _______________ (energy molecules). The ___ diffuses out of the chloroplasts. light energy chemical energy ATP and NADPH O2 17

Stage 2: Calvin Cycle CALVIN CYCLE Stage 2 – Called the _______________ or ________________ _______________ (CO2) and the chemical energy stored in _____ and _________ powers the formation of ______________________________ (sugars, starch and fiber) Dark Reaction Carbon dioxide ATP NADPH carbohydrate molecules 18

Stage 2: Calvin Cycle stroma Takes place – in the ________ of a chloroplast 19

Stage 2: Calvin Cycle 20

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Flowchart Sunlight CO2 NADPH Light Reaction Dark Reaction ATP O2 C6H12O6 21

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Equation chlorophyll C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O 6CO2 Sunlight ______ + _____ + _________ → ________ + ____ 22

Cellular Respiration

OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture ______________________ = an energy (ATP) releasing process. PLANTS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during _______________ are broken down so energy is released. ANIMALS: sugars (C6H12O6) produced during __________ are broken down so energy is released. Cellular respiration photosynthesis digestion

OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP The PRODUCTS of ________________ glucose (C6H12O6) and O2, are the REACTANTS used in _____________________. The WASTE PRODUCTS of ______________________, CO2 and water, are the REACTANTS used in _________________. photosynthesis cellular respiration cellular respiration photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

OVERVIEW: “The Big Picture Processes: 1. ____________ 2. ______________ (Citric Acid Cycle) 3. ____________________ (ETC) Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain

II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic respiration 1. ___________________ – OXYGEN is present If OXYGEN is PRESENT, the __________ of glycolysis ENTER the pathways of aerobic respiration. 2 major stages: ______________ & ________________________ Produces large amounts of ATP products Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain

II. Two Types of Cellular Respiration Anaerobic respiration 2. _____________________ = No OXYGEN is present. Aka . . . ____________ ___ additional _____ is created AFTER glycolysis produces 2 ATP. fermentation No ATP

Note: Both types of respiration BEGIN with ____________. glycolysis

III. Aerobic Respiration Processes: Glycolysis 1. __________ : Occurs in the ____________ of the cell Starting molecule: ONE molecule of _________ (__________) cytoplasm glucose C6H12O6

Glycolysis . . . Produces: TWO _______________ or ___________ (________) ____________ molecules Attaches H’s and Nad+ (electron carrier) and forms _______ (_______________________) pyruvic acids pyruvates C3H6O3 2 ATP NADH high energy molecule

III. Aerobic Respiration Processes: Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2. ___________________________________: _____________________ ____________ process (requires oxygen) Occurs in the ________________ Aerobic respiration Aerobic mitochondrion

Kreb’s Cycle: 2 pyruvates Starting molecules: _____________ and ________ Produces: ______________, ____ and _______ molecules Attaches H’s to NAD+ and FAD to create NADH and FADH2 (these will be used to make more _____ in the _____. 2 pyruvates oxygen NADH and FADH2 CO2 2 ATP ATP ETC

III. Aerobic Respiration Processes: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 3. ___________________________________: _____________________ ____________ process (requires oxygen) Occurs in the ________________ of the ______________ Aerobic respiration Aerobic inner membrane mitochondria

ETC . . . : NADH and FADH2 Starting Molecules: _____________________ and _________. Uses the NADH and FADH2 from the ______________ and another NADH from ____________. oxygen Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis

ETC: water Produces: _______ and ___________ water 32 ATP’s FADH2 and NADH, release H’s so they can attach to ________ and produce _______. Energy is released as a result of breaking down these molecules. water 32 ATP’s oxygen water

Importance of Aerobic Respiration: To transfer chemical energy (_________) to a form of energy that is __________ by cells (_____)!!! Total net gain of ATP molecules per 1 glucose = ____________ glucose useable ATP 36 ATP’s

Anaerobic Respiration

IV. Aerobic Respiration Processes: Occurs _______ glycolysis, only if ____ oxygen is present. ____ additional _____ is created after the 2 ATP’s from glycolysis! AFTER NO No ATP

Anaerobic Respiration 2 Types 1. _____________________: Occurs in ________________ Starting molecules: _____________ and ______ (from glycolysis) Produces: _______________ and ________________. Bakers use alcoholic fermentation of _______. Alcoholic fermentation plants and yeast 2 pyruvates NADH ethyl alcohol carbon dioxide yeast Used to make wine and beer.

Anaerobic Respiration 2 Types 2. _______________________: Occurs in ________ Starting molecules: _____________ and ______ (from glycolysis) Produces: _______________. Lactic acid fermentation by microorganisms plays an essential role in the manufacturing of food products such as ________ and ________. Lactic Acid fermentation animals 2 pyruvates NADH lactic acid yogurt cheese

Lactic Acid Fermentation: DURING EXERCISE: breathing ________ provide your body with all the oxygen it needs for aerobic respiration cannot

Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise: oxygen When muscles run out of ________, the cells switch to _________________________. Provides your _________ with the energy then needed during exercise. lactic acid fermentation muscles

Lactic Acid Fermentation & Exercise: Side effects of lactic acid fermentation are _________________, ______, ________, and __________. Most lactic acid made in the muscles diffuses into the bloodstream, then to the liver; where it is converted back to PYRUVIC ACID when oxygen comes available. muscle fatigue pain cramps soreness

oxygen PRESENT AEROBIC Respiration (_____________________________________) oxygen PRESENT

Aerobic Respiration 2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP #2 #1 #3 Kreb’s Glycolysis FADH2 + NADH #1 Glycolysis #2 Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvates #3 ETC NADH NADH 2 ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP

________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______ Aerobic Respiration EQUATION: C6H12O6 6O2 6H2O ________ + _____ → ______ + ______ + _______ 6CO2 36 ATP

NO oxygen PRESENT ANAEROBIC Respiration (_____________________________________) NO oxygen PRESENT

Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation Animals Glycolysis 2 Pyruvates NADH Plants & Yeast Ethyl Alcohol Alcoholic Fermentation 2 ATP