1. WARM UP 10/15
What do you think is needed for photosynthesis to happen?
What organelle aids in photosynthesis?
What are the products of photosynthesis?

2. List as many sources of energy you can think of! 1.
How do we create energy?
List as many sources of energy you can think of! 1. 2. 3.

4. The activities of all living things require energy
The activities of all living things require energy. Swimming, flying, growing, reproducing, and even the flashing of a firefly use energy.

5. Energy for cells is stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules.

6. Cell Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration) Notes
Energy – ability to do work;
Forms of energy: heat, light, chemical, electrical, mechanical, kinetic, potential
A. Energy for living things comes from - food
Originally the energy in food comes from - sun

7. B. Uses light energy from the sun to produce food – autotrophs
Examples: plants + some microorganisms (bacteria and protists)

8. C. Cannot use the sun’s energy to make food –
C. Cannot use the sun’s energy to make food – heterotrophs; obtain energy from food they consume
Examples: animals, fungi, most microorganisms

9. A. Cells usable source of energy – ATP
II. Cell Energy – needed for active transport, making proteins and nucleic acids, chemical signals (fireflies’ light)
A. Cells usable source of energy – ATP
1. ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate
ATP
adenine
3 Phosphate groups
ribose

10. 2. ADP stands for – adenosine diphosphate
2 phosphate groups
adenine
ribose

11. B. All energy is stored in the bonds of the compound
Breaking the bond releases energy
Creating a bond stores energy.
C. When cell has energy available it can store this energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP.

12. ATP ADP + P + E from breaking bond ADP + Energy + P ATP
D. Example:
ATP ADP + P + E from breaking bond
ADP + Energy + P ATP

13. Photosynthesis:
List at least three things you know about photosynthesis. 1. 2. 3.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ACTION

14. III. Photosynthesis – energy of sunlight is converted to
III. Photosynthesis – energy of sunlight is converted to energy of glucose
General Formula:
H2O + CO2 + light C6H12O6 + O2
water + carbon dioxide + light glucose + oxygen

15. B. 2 parts of photosynthesis:
1. light reaction – forms ATP and NADPH – contain chemical E, but are unstable
2. Calvin cycle (dark reaction) – uses E from ATP and NADPH to produce glucose

16. C. Photosynthesis occurs in the organelle – chloroplast
Outer Membrane
Thylakoid
Stroma
Granum
Inner Membrane

17. D. Light absorbing (and reflecting) compounds – pigments
Most common photosynthetic compound – chlorophyll (a + b)
Function of chlorophyll: Absorbs light energy needed for photosynthesis to work

18. Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b
Absorption of Light by
Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b

19. F. Sun’s energy is stored in – glucose
light energy chemical energy

20. Light Dependent Reactions
CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2
Calvin Cycle:
Uses E from Light Dep. Reactions and CO2 to make glucose
Light Dep. Reactions:
Trap E of sun in chemical form
Produces O2,
ATP, NADPH
high E cmpds.
Chloroplast
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP+P+
Light Dependent Reactions
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Light Dep. Reactions occur in thylakoid
stroma—Calvin Cycle occurs here
C6H12O6 produced O2
released

21. LIGHT RXN
CALVIN CYCLE
THYLAKOID
STROMA
SUN
ATP
NADPH O2
GLUCOSE

22. Take Ten…
With a neighbor, quietly work on the next page in your notes.

23. Warm Up 10/16 What is the equation for photosynthesis?
What is the role of Chlorophyll in Photosynthesis?

24. IV. Cellular Respiration – process by which E of glucose
IV. Cellular Respiration – process by which E of glucose is released in the cell to be used for life processes (movement, breathing, blood circulation, etc…)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN ACTION

25. A. General Formula:
C6H12O6 + O CO2 + H2O ATP
B. Cellular respiration occurs in all cells of all organisms – plants, animals, bacteria
C. Energy stored by photosynthesis in glucose is converted into the energy of – ATP

26. Defining… Cellular Respiration Basic Concept…
Cells break down GLUCOSE (sugar) through a series of chemical reactions
That stored energy of glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP molecules to form ATP molecules, the cell’s energy currency.
Respiration =
the process by which food molecules are BROKEN DOWN to release energy

27. D. Respiration requiring oxygen – aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + O CO2 + H2O ATP
  organelle occurring in – mitochondria
Human cells contain a specialized structure – the mitochondrion – that generates energy.

28. E. Respiration NOT requiring oxygen – anaerobic
E. Respiration NOT requiring oxygen – anaerobic respiration (an = without)
Also called – fermentation
1. Alcoholic Fermentation Equation:
glucose ethyl alcohol + CO ATP

29. a. organisms -- yeast, bacteria
b. industries – baking, brewing, wine-making

30. 2. Lactic acid fermentation equation:
glucose lactic acid ATP
a. lactic acid is produced in the muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to tissues (burning painful sensation)
3. occurs in – cytoplasm

31. alcoholic fermentation = 2 ATP
ANAEROBIC: no oxygen
alcoholic fermentation = 2 ATP
glucose pyruvic acid lactic acid fermentation = 2 ATP
cytoplasm
mitochondria
AEROBIC: with oxygen
Krebs cycle ETC = 36 ATP

32. First…GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis (glyco = sugar; lysis = breaking)
A glucose molecule is broken down and changed into Pyruvic acid
Occurs with or without oxygen
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell (so bacteria can do this too!)
Result:
2 molecules of ATP
NADH (electron carriers to be helpful later)
2 Pyruvate

34. SECOND…The Kreb’s Cycle (AKA the Citric Acid Cycle)
Occurs in the mitochondria within the mitochondrial matrix and requires oxygen.
Pyruvic acid (made from Glycolysis) is broken down into citric acid.
Citric Acid is broken down and releases CO2 during each step of the cycle.
ATP is also created
Also releases more high energy electrons
Input = Pyruvic Acid, NAD+, FAD+ (another electron carrier), and ADP
Output = NADH, FADH2, and ATP

36. Third… THE ETC Electron Transport Chain
The ELECTRON Transport CHAIN (ETC)
An electron transport chain is a series of molecules along which electrons are transferred by carriers (input: NADH and FADH2 which were in Krebs in Glycolysis), releasing energy
Molecules of the ETC are located on the inner membranes of the mitochondria
As the electrons are transferred, hydrogen ions build up and create a chemical gradient.
That gradient will cause hydrogen ions to diffuse to through the ATP
Synthase, which is an enzyme that puts phosphates on ADP to make ATP.
Final electron acceptor in the transport chain is oxygen
Oxygen combines with 2 hydrogen ions to form a molecule of water
NADH and FADH are reduced to FAD+ and NAD+ and will be converted back to NADH and FADH again by glycolysis and krebs

37. C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP AEROBIC High E e- carried in NADH O2
High E e- carried in NADH and FADH2
Pyruvic Acid
2 3-C molec.
Krebs
cycle
Glucose
1 6-C molec.
Glycolysis
E. T. C.
CO2 released
Mitochondria
H2O released
Cytoplasm 2 2 32
**E transferred from glucose to ATP
3 stages of aerobic respiration:
Glycolysis – cytoplasm, 2 ATP
Krebs cycle – mitochondria, 2 ATP
Electron Transport Chain – mitochondria, 32 ATP
36 ATP
total

38. ANAEROBIC
Pyruvic Acid
2 3-C molec.
Glucose
1 6-C molec.
Glycolysis
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm 2
Fermentation
Yeast
Bacteria
muscles
Alcoholic
Lactic Acid

40. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic acid is formed as an end product of glycolysis
When your muscles cells require energy at a faster rate than it can be supplied by aerobic respiration, they begin to carry out lactic acid fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation, cells do not have the oxygen needed to do Krebs and ETC. Therefore, glycolysis is the only step performed.
In lactic acid fermentation, cells must regenerate NAD+ so that they can continue.

41. Alcoholic Fermentation
This is when ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products of fermentation
Bacteria and yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation is done in the absence of oxygen so Krebs and ETC cannot be performed.
Just like lactic acid fermentation, NADH must be returned to its oxidized state (NAD+).