The Cold War United States v. Soviet Union

Cold War The Cold War was a time after WW2 when the USA and the Soviet Union were rivals for world influence.

The U. S. & the U. S. S. R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20c

From Friends to Enemies? What Happened?

Class work Directions: Using the maps on page 849 in your textbook and the map that follows, label the Europe after World War II map. Label: Communist Countries Non-Communist Countries Iron Curtain NATO Countries Warsaw Pact Countries

What was the Cold War? The Cold War was… – The post-WW2 struggle between the US and USSR over political differences that was carried on by both direct and indirect means around the world – It involved Propaganda Espionage Diplomacy War by proxy Covert operations Open Confrontation

What were the roots of the Cold War? Ideological Differences – Democracy vs. Totalitarian Communism – Capitalism vs. Marxist Communism WW2 Experiences – USSR experienced GREAT loss People (20+ million), Land, Infrastructure – Allied Decision Making Western delay in 2 nd front >> mistrust US – GB ties… Atlantic Charter & War Strategy – End of war realities Death, Destruction, Occupation, Reconstruction

What were the roots of the Cold War? Competing Visions & Goals – US Democratic Self-Determination & Free Trade Strong Germany & Europe – USSR Promote Global Communism Weak Germany, Buffer Zone & Reparations Soviet Recovery & Status The UN & Post-WW2 World – Formed 1945 in SF – Purpose Promote World Peace & Cooperation – Organization Security Council (5 Permanent w/ veto + 6 Rotating) General Assembly

Beginning of Cold War The Cold War was an economic and political power struggle from Following World War II, Soviet forces occupied much of Eastern and Central Europe and East Germany. Following World War II, Germany was divided as follows: A. West Germany was occupied by United States, Great Britain, and France until the adoption of democracy

Beginning of Cold War B. East Germany was dominated by the Soviet Union. Berlin was occupied by all Four powers. The United States organized the Berlin Airlift to bring supplies to Berlin when the Soviets blockaded routes from West Germany to West Berlin. Following World War II, Japan was occupied by the United States until the adoption of democracy.

The Division of Germany: Post WW II: 4 zones created US, Great Britain, France West Germany East Germany: Soviet Union Berlin: German capital split into eastern & western halves

Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade was an attempt by the Soviet Union to block Allied access to the German city of Berlin in 1948 and Ultimately, the blockade turned out to be a total political failure for the Soviet Union, and the West managed to turn it into a major victory. This event was one of the first major conflicts of the Cold War, and the lessons of it were kept in mind during future episodes of tension between the Soviet Union and the Western world.Cold War

Berlin Blockade In June 1948, Allied efforts to produce a unified currency for West Germany triggered alarm in the Soviet Union, and officials decided to block all access to Berlin, in the hopes of forcing the Allies to give them more control of the city. Essentially, the Soviet Union planned to starve the city in order to coerce the West into capitulating.

Berlin Blockade When the Soviet Union announced the blockade, the West was forced to make a decision about how to deal with. Giving in to Russian demands was rejected as an option, and some consideration was given to invasion. Ultimately, officials decided that this would be too dangerous, and they seized upon the idea of simply waiting the blockade out.

Berlin Blockade For the citizens of Berlin, who only had a month of supplies available, this solution posed an obvious problem. The remedy turned out to be the Berlin Airlift, an ambitious plan to supply all of the fuel, food, and shelter needs of West Berlin by plane.Berlin Airlift At the peak of the airlift, planes were landing in Berlin every three minutes, and sometimes planes didn't even land, instead shoving out pallets of supplies and zooming out again.

Berlin Blockade In May 1949, the Russians realized that the Berlin Blockade had not worked as planned, and they lifted the restrictions. The Allies continued to use their established airspace to transport the majority of supplies into the city, as they did not want to become dependent on Soviet-controlled rails and roads.

Berlin blockade led to Berlin Airlift

Berlin Airlift: U.S. response to Soviet blockade U.S. and Allies flew supplies to blockaded West Berlin for 10 months: 277,000 flights 2 million tons of supplies

Berlin Wall In 1961, frustrated with the use of West Berlin as a way-station for people leaving East Germany, the Soviet Union constructed the Berlin Wall, a massive barrier that bisected the city until Berlin Wall

Berlin is Germany’s capital city. The Soviets built the wall to keep communists from escaping to the American sector.

Berlin Wall

Cold War In an attempt to prevent the spread of Communism in Europe, the Marshall Plan provided assistance to European countries destroyed by the war. The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II. Its purpose was to prevent future wars.

Marshall Plan: Economic plan to stop the spread of Communism in Europe $$$ given to European countries to rebuild after the war.

Cold War The Cold War was an economic and political power struggle from between the democratic ideals of the United States and the communist government of the Soviet Union.

Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting” communism. This led to containment – policy of containing communism where it is.

Containment & Post-WW2: American Foreign Policy Containment – George Kennan – US – Stop spread of Communism globally Truman Doctrine – “policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation” – Greece & Turkey Marshall Plan – $$ aid to reconstruct Europe – Available to all nations

Marshall Plan USA’s plan to send food, blankets, fuel to Europe to help them. AND to keep them from turning communist.

Cold War:( ) Political & Economic Struggle USA Politically: – Democracy Economically: – Capitalist – Free Market USSR Politically: – Communist Economically: – Command Economy – Quota System

Truman Doctrine U.S. pledge to resist the spread of communism worldwide Policy of Containment

Domino Theory Communism spreads like a disease

The Dividing of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War Communist satellite governments established in Eastern European countries Soviet Union creates an Iron Curtain around Southern & Eastern Europe & East Germany

Cold War Europe …from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an “iron curtain” has descended across the continent… -Winston Churchill

Cold War The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Was formed to provide a defensive alliance to protect Western Europe against an invasion by the Soviet Union. The Warsaw Pact, an alliance of Soviet and East European countries, was a response to NATO. In 1949, the communists took over China. America feared the spread of communism.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Protect Western Europe vs Soviet invasion

Warsaw Pact, an alliance of Soviet and East European countries, was a response to NATO.

Two sides of Cold War NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization USA, France, Great Britain, West Germany CAPITALISM CAPITALISM Warsaw Pact – pro Soviet countries – USSR, and all countries controlled by the USSR. COMMUNISM

China: The Communist Victory World’s largest population now Communist

Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a nuclear arms race during the Cold War. Massive retaliation was a United States policy adopted during the Eisenhower administration. It threatened the use of nuclear weapons in response to Soviet aggression against another country.

Nuclear Arms Race: 1949 the Soviets build an A-Bomb

Massive Retaliation U.S. policy of the Eisenhower administration. It threatened the use of nuclear weapons in response to Soviet aggression against another country.

Cold War continued Fear of communism and threat of nuclear war affected life in the United States during the Cold War. Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying. Senator Joseph McCarthy accused many Americans of spying. This is known as the Red Scare or McCarthyism. Foreign policy became a major issue in presidential campaigns.

Cold Home: Red Scare & Nuclear Scare

Communist Spies & Second Red Scare Spies in America: Alger Hiss & the Rosenberg’s (Julius & Ethel) convicted of spying America Paranoid that spies are everywhere

Communist Spies & Second Red Scare HUAC: House Un- American Activities Committee created to investigate potential Communist spies Joseph McCarthy: Wisconsin senator gains popularity by publicly accusing people of being spies People were considered “guilty” until proven “innocent”

Korea and Vietnam USA tried to contain communism. In both wars, communist troops fought armies trained and funded by the USA.

Korean War The United States became involved in the Korean War in 1950 when communist North Korea invaded South Korea. China entered the conflict on the side of North Korea. A truce was signed in Korea remained divided along the 38 th parallel.

Communists invaded from the north. China sent a million troops to help reds.

Korean War After the failure of the promise of Korean independence by the Allied nations, on June 25, 1950, communist North Korean troops invaded South Korea. Poorly armed, the South Koreans were no match for the North. The United Nations ordered North Korea to withdraw its troops. General MacArthur was appointed to command all UN troops in Korea. After three years of fighting a stalemate, more than 54,000 American troops perished.

Meanwhile... After Korea and before Vietnam got really bad, America felt they had a problem closer to home.

Cuba Located 90 miles from Florida 1959: Fidel Castro took over in a communist revolution

Bay of Pigs The CIA trained and funded an invasion of communist Cuba. The invasion failed, and Castro had some powerful friends!

Bay of Pigs (1961) U.S. trained Cuban rebels invade Cuba & attempt to overthrow Castro. IT FAILED US begins trade embargo on Cuba (it still exists today)

Soviet response. Don’t worry comrade Castro. We got your back!

Cuba In 1962, the Soviet Union began to build missile launchers in Cuba. The United States protested, and for several days, the world worried that a nuclear war would erupt. The Soviet Union decided to remove the missiles. This event is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

A U2 spy plane found these missile silos in Cuba, 1962.

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): 13 days in October JFK President Issue: Soviet missiles in Cuba US Response: Protests then a naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships from reaching Cuba Soviet Response: Respect the naval blockade and remove missiles in Cuba (US would later remove Nukes from Turkey)

End to a crisis! The Soviets removed the missiles in Cuba. In exchange, USA pledged to not invade Cuba again. And to remove missiles in Turkey (right).

Afterward A direct phone line was set up between their offices to bypass other channels.

KennedyKhrushchev

Cold War continued Fear of communism and threat of nuclear war affected life in the United States during the Cold War. Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying. Senator Joseph McCarthy accused many Americans of spying. This is known as the Red Scare or McCarthyism. Foreign policy became a major issue in presidential campaigns.

Cold War continued Cold War military contracts benefited Virginia’s economy. President Kennedy’s inaugural address became famous for this quote: “ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” Many Americans served in the military during the Cold War; the United States prevailed over the Soviet Union. President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963.

Kennedy’s Assassination On November 22, 1963, JFK was riding in an open car in Dallas, Texas with his wife and Governor Connolly and his wife. He was hit by bullets fired from the Texas Book Depository. The “assassin” was caught in a theater a few hours later, his name is Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was later shot to death in the police station by Jack Ruby, a mobster wannabe.

John F. Kennedy ( ) “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country!” Assassinated in Dallas, Texas in 1963

Vietnam War 1960s-1973 Through the Kennedy years, US troops trained S. Vietnamese troops to fight the Reds. After the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, under LBJ, US troops started to fight more.

Vietnam War The United States began providing economic aid to the French in Vietnam as part of the American policy of containment. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, communist North Vietnam attempted to force a communist government in South Vietnam. The United States provided assistance to South Vietnam. United States military buildup in Vietnam increased during the administrations of Kennedy and Johnson

Vietnam War American military forces repeatedly defeated North Vietnam but were unable to force an end to the war through a limited war. America became divided over the Vietnam War. War protests took place, especially on college campuses. President Johnson decided not to run for re- election. Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968.

Vietnam, 1968

Helicopters!

Napalm!

Vietnam War “Vietnamization” was Nixon’s plan to withdraw American troops and replace them with U.S.- supplied South Vietnamese forces. It was unsuccessful because South Vietnamese forces were unable to resist invasion from Soviet- supplied North Vietnam. A peace agreement was signed in 1973, and United States troops left Vietnam. In 1975, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam, which was unable to resist. Vietnam became a united country under a communist government.

Vietnam War Vietnam war veterans returned home to encounter much indifference and hostility. It was several years before Vietnam veterans were honored. Today, in Washington D.C., they have the Vietnam War Veterans wall which lists the names of the fallen soldiers from that conflict

Cold War continued The Soviet Union’s Cold War military buildup took a toll on their command economy. Soviet Republics began to push for independence Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to save the Soviet Union through glasnost and perestroika.

End of the Cold War: The fall of the Soviet Union Soviet Union economy collapsing Soviet republics push for independence Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev attempts to save the USSR Glasnost: Openness Perestroika: Economic Reforms Too little to late

Fall of Berlin Wall President Reagan demands the Soviets tear down the Berlin Wall Fall of Wall signals end of Cold War

Wall torn down in 1989.