© 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING 11th Edition Hulbert & Miller Effective English for Colleges Chapter 11 CAPITALIZATION AND NUMBERS

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 2 Learning Objectives 22 To write numbers correctly in words, figures, or a combination of words and figures 11 To capitalize words correctly

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 3 Capitalize every proper noun—the official name of a specific person, place, or thing. Capitalize every proper noun—the official name of a specific person, place, or thing. Capitalization Do not capitalize common nouns—a general reference to a person, place, or thing. Do not capitalize common nouns—a general reference to a person, place, or thing. Capitalize the first word of a sentence, the first word of an expression or fragment treated as a sentence, and the first word of a quoted sentence. In certain circumstances, capitalize the first word of an independent clause that follows a colon. When not part of another sentence, capitalize the first word of a sentence enclosed in parentheses. Capitalize the personal pronoun I. Refer to CHECKPOINT 1.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 4 Capitalization (continued) Capitalization (continued) Capitalize, space, and punctuate a person ’ s name according to the person ’ s preference. Capitalize courtesy and personal titles. Capitalize official titles when they precede a person ’ s name and when the titles are used in direct address. Capitalize abbreviations of academic degrees and professional designations that follow a person ’ s name. Capitalize every word in a salutation and only the first word in the complimentary close of a letter. Capitalize family titles when they are used alone or when the title precedes a person ’ s name. Refer to CHECKPOINT 2.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 5 Capitalization (continued) Capitalization (continued) Capitalize geographic locations. Capitalize north, south, east, and west when they designate specific regions or when they are a part of proper names. Capitalize adjectives derived from most geographic proper nouns. Capitalize the names and abbreviations of all institutions, organizations, government bodies, and the names of specific government legislation. Refer to CHECKPOINT 3.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 6 Generally capitalize all of the words in artistic works, literary works, and subunits of literary works. Exceptions: Do not capitalize conjunctions and prepositions of three or fewer letters, articles, and the word to (used as an infinitive) unless the exceptions begin or end a title. Capitalize the proper names of engineered structures and other specific projects. Capitalize manufacturers ’ brand or trade names. Capitalize days of the week, months of the year, holidays, historic events, special events, and eras. Capitalize a noun followed by a number or letter when the reference represents a sequence or an identification number. Capitalization (continued) Capitalization (continued)

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 7 Capitalization (continued) Capitalization (continued) Capitalize the names of specific courses, course names followed by numbers, and all languages. Capitalize the common noun element used with two or more proper nouns. Capitalize words enclosed in quotation marks that follow the words marked and stamped. Capitalize the elements of a hyphenated word based on the situation. Capitalize the names of specific awards and medals. Refer to CHECKPOINT 4. Refer to APPLICATIONS 11-1 through 11-4.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 8 Numbers  In nontechnical documents, express whole numbers one through ten as words and numbers greater than ten as cardinal figures.  Spell out numbers that begin a sentence.  Express related numbers above and below ten in the same format.  Express unrelated numbers in the format appropriate for each number.  Express whole numbers and whole numbers plus simple fractions in the millions or higher as a combination of words and figures.  Write indefinite numbers as words.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 9 Numbers (continued)  For adjacent numbers modifying the same noun, use words for one number and figures for the other.  Follow company and product preference when names include numbers. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.   Use figures for house or building numbers except for the number one.   Use ordinal numbers as words for street names one through ten; use cardinal numbers for street names over ten.   Use a.m. or p.m. for time expressed in figures only.   Use a date format that is appropriate for the situation.

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 10  Spell out ages and anniversaries when they can be expressed in fewer than two words.  To express periods of time, typically spell out numbers under ten and use figures for numbers above ten.  Express amounts of one dollar or more in figures.  Express dollar amounts of a million or more as a combination of figures and words.  Ordinarily use figures and the word cents for amounts less than one dollar. Refer to CHECKPOINT 6. Numbers (continued)

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 11  Use figures for numbers that identify people or things.  In telephone numbers, use a hyphen or period to separate the three-digit exchange from the four-digit number.  Use figures with the word percent unless the number begins the sentence (use words).  When symbols are used in technical writing and on business forms, write numbers in figures. Numbers (continued)

Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 11, Slide 12  Express a mixed number in figures.  When common fractions are used alone, use words to express the fraction; hyphenate the fraction.  Use figures with most units of measurement, such as temperature readings, dimensions, and sizes. Refer to CHECKPOINT 7. Refer to APPLICATIONS 11-6 and Refer to CHAPTER 11 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE. Numbers (continued)