1. Capitalization and Punctuation
Chapter 13, pg 216

2. Why?
Writers use capital letters and punctuation marks to help the reader better understand what is written.

3. 1st word of every sentence
All sentences begin with capital letters.
We enjoyed reading the book.
Those girls finished cleaning the counter.

4. Specific things/places (proper nouns)
Proper nouns begin with capital letters.
Mrs. Clark asked if Amy would help.
Uncle Rob took us to Texas.

5. Capital Letters I don’t need your help.
The pronoun I is always capitalized.
I don’t need your help.
My aunt and I picked up the papers.

6. Capital Letters
A capital letter begins the first, last, and any important word in the title of a book, magazine, song, movie, poem, or other work.
Read the last chapter of Tom Sawyer.
She saw Snow White when she was five years old.

7. To capitalize or not to capitalize
Do!
Don’t
Days of the week, months of the year, holidays
Language, nationalities, races, religions, deities, sacred terms
Titles: the first word and every important term
First words of direct quotes
Historical events, periods
Brand names
Seasons
Common nouns that refer to religious places like “church”
Titles: do not capitalize articles (the), prepositions (of, under, OVER), or short connecting words (or, and)
Directions (north, south, east and west- unless used in a place name)

8. Practice, exercise 2 pg 219
Every tuesday, the general visits the hospital.
On one level, the book the lord of the rings can be read as a fairy tale: on another level, the book can be read as a christian allegory.
The golden gate bridge in san francisco may be the most beautiful bridge in the world.
She is the sister of my french teacher.
Tuesday, the general visits the hospital.
The Lord of the Rings
Christian allegory.
Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco may
French teacher.

9. Punctuation: Period
A complete sentence that makes a statement ends with a period.
It’s your birthday. You blow out the candle.

10. Punctuation: Comma He was silent, lonely, and afraid. Or
separate three or more items in a list or a phrase.
He was silent, lonely, and afraid Or
He was silent, lonely and afraid.

11. Punctuation: Comma Miami, Florida January 6, 2003
separates items in an address or date.
Miami, Florida
January 6, 2003

12. Punctuation: Comma My favorite, old, green coat.
Set off number of adjectives that modify a noun
My favorite, old, green coat.

13. Punctuation: Comma
To combine two simple sentences, use the comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
The house was on fire, but I was determined not to leave.

14. Punctuation: Comma Surrounding word/phrase when the idea interrupts.
Follow introductory words, expressions:
In the beginning, I never thought I would.
Surrounding word/phrase when the idea interrupts.
Dave, who is a doctor, said to!

15. Punctuation: Comma Set off exact words in a dialog
In numbers of one thousand+
1,001
Set off exact words in a dialog
“I won’t,” he insisted, “do this!”
When you need a short pause
To John, Russel is the best!

16. Punctuation: Apostrophe
To form possessive
The teacher’s pen
To form plurals (prevent confusion)
he writes a’s and o’s
When one+ letters omitted
Can’t, shouldn’t, She’ll

17. Punctuation: Quotation Marks
Quotation marks are used to identify the exact words of a speaker .
President Bush said, “We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail.”

18. Punctuation: Quotation Marks
Quotes or Material copied word-for-word from a source
Titles of short stories, one-act plays, poems, articles, songs, essays, chapters of books
When terms are referred to in a special way.

19. Punctuation: Semi-Colon
To join 2 independent clauses
He decided to use the map; she decided to ask.
In front of adverbial conjunction to join 2 sentences
He decided to use a map; however, she decided to ask.
In a series of items when the items themselves have commas!
I had lunch with Linda, my best friend; Mrs. Armstrong, my English teacher; and Jan, my sister-in-law.

20. Punctuation: Colon Before a list of items
Please order: five dozen pencils, twenty rulers, five tacks.
In the salutation of business letter
To whom it may concern:
Indicating time
1:15pm
Between title and subtitle of a book
In Plain English Please: A Rhetoric