1. © 2006 SOUTH-WESTERN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHING 11th Edition Hulbert & Miller Effective English for Colleges Chapter 12 EFFECTIVE SENTENCES

2. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 2 Learning Objectives 22 33 To identify and correct sentence faults To compose sentences that express their intended meaning 11 To identify the elements that make sentences complete

3. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 3 SUBJECT Simple subjectSimple subject Complete subjectComplete subject Refer to CHECKPOINT 1. SUBJECT Simple subjectSimple subject Complete subjectComplete subject Refer to CHECKPOINT 1. Sentence Construction A sentence is a group of related words that Contains a subject and a predicateContains a subject and a predicate Forms an independent clauseForms an independent clause Expresses a complete thoughtExpresses a complete thought A sentence is a group of related words that Contains a subject and a predicateContains a subject and a predicate Forms an independent clauseForms an independent clause Expresses a complete thoughtExpresses a complete thought PREDICATE Simple predicateSimple predicate Complete predicateComplete predicate Refer to CHECKPOINT 2. PREDICATE Simple predicateSimple predicate Complete predicateComplete predicate Refer to CHECKPOINT 2.

4. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 4 Sentence Faults  Fragment — a “ piece ” of a sentence but not a complete sentence Refer to CHECKPOINT 3.  Comma splice — two or more independent clauses incorrectly connected (spliced) by a comma  Run-on sentence — two or more independent clauses joined without appropriate punctuation to separate the clauses

5. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 5 Comma Splice and Run-On Remedies Comma Splice and Run-On Remedies 1Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction to connect the independent clauses. 2Insert a period to separate the independent clauses into two sentences. 3Insert a semicolon to connect closely related independent clauses (sometimes add a conjunctive adverb). 4Subordinate one of the independent clauses when appropriate. 5Reword the sentence. Refer to CHECKPOINT 4. Refer to Application 12-1 through 12-3.

6. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 6 Choose appropriate words. Sentence Coherence Place modifiers correctly. Use parallel construction. Ensure clear pronoun-antecedent references.

7. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 7 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers  A misplaced modifier modifies the wrong word or phrase.  A dangling modifier occurs when an introductory verbal phrase does not modify the logical subject of the independent clause that follows. Refer to CHECKPOINT 5.

8. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 8 Pronoun-Antecedent Reference  An antecedent is the noun to which a pronoun refers.  A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in  Person  Number  Gender Refer to CHECKPOINT 6.

9. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 9 Parallelism and Word Choice  A parallel sentence joins equal elements and places conjunctions near joined elements.  Correct, familiar, and gender-free words aid coherence.  Select correct words for accurate messages.  Use familiar words for better understanding.  Replace gender-biased language to avoid distraction and stereotyping. Refer to CHECKPOINTS 7 through 10. Refer to APPLICATIONS 12-4 through 12-7.

10. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 10 Concise expressions Additional Characteristics of Effective Sentences Additional Characteristics of Effective Sentences Positive tone Specific words Active voice Refer to CHECKPOINTS 11 through 14.

11. Effective English for Colleges, 11e, by Hulbert & Miller Chapter 12, Slide 11 More Guidelines for Writing Effective Sentences  Indicate the importance of an idea by using appropriate clause types and sentence structure.  Vary sentence structure and sentence length to maintain receiver interest. Refer to CHECKPOINT 15. Refer to APPLICATIONS 12-8 through 12-10. Refer to CHAPTER 12 REVIEW. Refer to APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE.