Carbodydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Monomers and Polymers A large molecule made up of smaller units is called a polymer The individual units that make up a polymer are called monomers What represents a polymer? What represents a monomer?

Sugar Monomers Sugars and starches are made from sugar monomers called monosaccharides Glucose Galactose Fructose What shapes do glucose and galactose make? What shape does fructose make? Sugar names end in what sound? All sugar monomers have the formula: C 6 H 12 O 6

Disaccharides A disaccharide (di – two) is formed when two monosaccharides bond together Lactose (milk sugar) is formed from one glucose and one galactose monomer Sucrose (table sugar) is formed from one glucose and one fructose monomer Maltose (grain sugar) is formed from two glucose momomers

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides (poly – many) are formed from many monosaccharides bonded together. Plants and animals form polysaccharides to store surplus sugar. Plants form starch, animals form glycogen Plants also form the polysaccharide cellulose to build cell walls. Wood and paper are cellulose. Insects form the polysaccharide chitin (kite–in)which makes up their shell.

Dehydration Synthesis Monosaccharides bond together by a process called dehydration synthesis to form larger polysaccharides Dehydration means “taking away water” Synthesis means “putting together” Dehydration synthesis means building by taking away water Watch this short animationanimation

Hydrolysis Polysaccharides are broken apart into smaller monosaccharides by a process called hydrolysis. Hydro- means water -lysis means to break apart or split apart Hydrolysis means to break apart with water Watch this short animationanimation

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis This short animation demonstrates both processes.animation This animation is a little more detailed about hydrolysis of sucrose (table sugar)animation

Building Glucose Do you remember the chemical formula for glucose? C 6 H 12 O 6 You’ll need 6 carbon (black), 12 Hydrogen (white) and 6 oxygen (blue)

Lay out your hexagon carbon ring

Build the rest of the molecule starting at the #1 carbon in the ring

Building a polysaccharide Perform a dehydration synthesis with your partner to create a disaccharide Perform a dehydration synthesis with the two disaccharides at your table to create a polysaccharide Perform hydrolysis to separate the polysaccharide into monomer saccharides again Disassemble your glucose molecule